Stakeholders’ perspectives on the success criteria for public-private partnership projects
Abstract
Given the complexity and wide stakeholder interests in public-private partnership (PPP) projects, different parties have different expectations and definitions of PPP project success. This paper explores the perceptual differences on the success criteria for PPP projects among PPP stakeholders. A questionnaire survey was conducted with targeted international PPP experts from the academic, public and private sectors. The research findings show that each stakeholder group considers effective risk management as the most critical success criterion. Moreover, the public and private sectors consider meeting output specifications as the second most critical criteria, whereas the academic sector considers satisfying the need for public facility/service. Further analysis using non parametric tests shows significant differences on the ranking of the criterion, “satisfying the need for public facility/service” between the public and private sectors and between academic and private sectors. These research outputs provide significant insights into how PPP projects’ success is evaluated by various PPP stakeholders.
Keyword : public-private partnership, success criteria, stakeholders, project success, perspectives
How to Cite
Osei-Kyei, R., & Chan, A. P. (2018). Stakeholders’ perspectives on the success criteria for public-private partnership projects. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 22(2), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2018.444
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Akintoye, A., Hardcastle, C., Beck, M., Chinyio, E., & Asenova, D. (2003). Achieving best value in private finance initiative project procurement. Construction Management and Economics, 21(5), 461-470. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619032000087285
Amadi, C., Carrillo, P., & Tuuli, M. (2014). Stakeholder management in public private partnership projects in Nigeria: towards a research agenda. In A. B. Raiden & E. Aboagye-Nimo (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Annual ARCOM Conference (pp. 423-432), 1–3 September 2014, Portsmouth, UK: Association of Researchers in Construction Management.
Ameyaw, E. E., & Chan, A. P. (2015a). Risk ranking and analysis in PPP water supply infrastructure projects: an international survey of industry experts. Facilities, 33(7/8), 428-453. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-12-2013-0091
Ameyaw, E. E., & Chan, A. P. (2015b). Risk allocation in public-private partnership water supply projects in Ghana. Construction Management and Economics, 33(3), 187-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2015.1031148
Atkinson, R. (1999). Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, its time to accept other success criteria. International Journal of Project Management, 17(6), 337-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00069-6
Bryde, D. J., & Robinson, L. (2005). Client versus contractor perspectives on project success criteria. International Journal of Project Management, 23(8), 622-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.05.003
Chan, A. P. C., & Chan, A. P. L. (2004). Key performance indicators for measuring construction success. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 11(2), 203-221.
Chan, A. P. C., Lam, P. T. I., Chan, D. W. M., & Cheung, E. (2008). Risk-sharing mechanism for PPP Projects – the case study of the Sydney Cross City Tunnel. Surveying and Built Environment, 19(1), 67-80.
Chan, A. P. C., Lam, P. T., Chan, D. W., Cheung, E., & Ke, Y. (2010a). Critical success factors for PPPs in infrastructure developments: Chinese perspective. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(5), 484-494. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000152
Chan, A. P. C., Scott, D., & Lam, E. W. (2002). Framework of success criteria for design/build projects. Journal of Management in Engineering, 18(3), 120-128. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2002)18:3(120)
Chan, A. P. C., Yeung, J. F., Calvin, C. P., Wang, S. Q., & Ke, Y. (2011). Empirical study of risk assessment and allocation of public-private partnership projects in China. Journal of Management in Engineering, 27(3), 136-148. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000049
Cheung, S. O., Tam, C. M., Ndekugri, I., & Harris, F. C. (2000). Factors affecting clients’ project dispute resolution satisfaction in Hong Kong. Construction Management and Economics, 18(3), 281-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/014461900370654
Cox, R. F., Issa, R. R., & Ahrens, D. (2003). Management’s perception of key performance indicators for construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 129(2), 142-151. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2003)129:2(142)
Cserháti, G., & Szabó, L. (2014). The relationship between success criteria and success factors in organisational event projects. International Journal of Project Management, 32(4), 613-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.08.008
Davis, K. (2014). Different stakeholder groups and their perceptions of project success. International Journal of Project Management, 32(2), 189-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.02.006
Davis, K. (2016). A method to measure success dimensions relating to individual stakeholder groups. International Journal of Project Management, 34(3), 480-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.12.009
Dixon, T., Pottinger, G., & Jordan, A. (2005). Lessons from the private finance initiative in the UK: benefits, problems and critical success factors. Journal of Property Investment and Finance, 23(5), 412-423. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635780510616016
Dulaimi, M. F., Alhashemi, M., Ling, F. Y. Y., & Kumaraswamy, M. (2010). The execution of public–private partnership projects in the UAE. Construction Management and Economics, 28(4), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446191003702492
Elattar, S. M. S. (2009). Towards developing an improved methodology for evaluating performance and achieving success in construction projects. Scientific Research and Essays, 4(6), 549-554.
Frodell, M., Josephson, P. E., & Lindahl, G. (2008). Swedish construction clients’ views on project success and measuring performance. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 6(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1108/17260530810863316
Garland, R. (1991). The mid-point on a rating scale: is it desirable. Marketing Bulletin, 2(1), 66-70.
Ismail, S., & Azzahra H. F. (2014). Rationales for public private partnership (PPP) implementation in Malaysia. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 19(3), 188-201. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMPC-04-2014-0006
Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A. P., & Lam, P. T. (2010). Preferred risk allocation in China’s public–private partnership (PPP) projects. International Journal of Project Management, 28(5), 482-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.007
Khosravi, S., & Afshari, H. (2011). A success measurement model for construction projects. Proceedings of the International Conference on Financial Management and Economics (pp. 186-190). IPERD, Vol. 11. Singapore: IACSIT Press.
Lai, I. K. W., & Lam, F. K. S. (2010). Perception of various performance criteria by stakeholders in the construction sector in Hong Kong. Construction Management and Economics, 28(4), 377-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190903521515
Lam, P., & Javed, A. (2015). Comparative study on the use of output specifications for Australian and U.K. PPP/PFI projects. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 29(2), 04014061. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000554
Li, B., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P. J., & Hardcastle, C. (2005a). Critical success factors for PPP/PFI projects in the UK construction industry. Construction Management and Economics, 23(5), 459-471. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190500041537
Li, B., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P., & Hardcastle, C. (2005b). Perceptions of positive and negative factors influencing the attractiveness of PPP/PFI procurement for construction projects in the UK. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 12(2), 125-148. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980510584485
Lim, C. S., & Mohamed, M. Z. (1999). Criteria of project success: an exploratory re- examination. International Journal of Project Management, 17, 243-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00040-4
Liu, J., Love, P., Davis, P., Smith, J., & Regan, M. (2015). Conceptual framework for the performance measurement of public-private partnerships. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 21(1), 04014023. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000210
Liyanage, C., & Villalba-Romero, F. (2015). Measuring success of PPP transport projects: a cross-case analysis of toll roads. Transport Reviews, 35(2), 140-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2014.994583
Meng, X., Zhao, Q., & Shen, Q. (2011). Critical success factors for transfer-operate-transfer urban water supply projects in China. Journal of Management in Engineering, 27(4), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000058
Mladenovic, G., Vajdic, N., Wundsch, B., & Temeljotov-Salaj, A. (2013). Use of key performance indicators for PPP transport projects to meet stakeholders’ performance objectives. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 3(2), 228-249. https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-05-2012-0026
Osei-Kyei, R., Dansoh, A., & Ofori-Kuragu, J. K. (2014). Reasons for adopting public–private partnership (PPP) for construction projects in Ghana. International Journal of Construction Management, 14(4), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2014.967925
Osei-Kyei, R., & Chan, A. P. C. (2015a). Review of studies on the critical success factors for public–private partnership (PPP) projects from 1990 to 2013. International Journal of Project Management, 33(6), 1335-1346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.02.008
Osei-Kyei, R., & Chan, A. P. C. (2015b). Developing transport infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa through public–private partnerships: policy practice and implications. Transport Reviews, 36(2), 170-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2015.1077288
Osei-Kyei, R., & Chan, A. P. C. (2017). Perceptions of stakeholders on the critical success factors for operational management of public-private partnership projects. Facilities, 35(1/2), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-10-2015-0072
Osei-Kyei, R., Chan, A. P. C., Javed, A. A., & Ameyaw, E. E. (2017). Critical success criteria for public-private partnership projects: international experts’ opinion. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 21(1), 87-100. https://doi.org/10.3846/1648715X.2016.1246388
Roumboutsos, A., & Anagnostopoulos, K. P. (2008). Public–private partnership projects in Greece: risk ranking and preferred risk allocation. Construction Management and Economics, 26(7), 751-763. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190802140086
Rwelamila, P. D., Fewings, P., & Henjewele, C. (2014). Addressing the missing link in PPP projects: what constitutes the public?. Journal of Management in Engineering, 31(5), 04014085. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000330
Sachs, T., Tiong, R. L. K., & Wang, S. Q. (2007). Analysis of political risks and opportunities in public private partnerships (PPP) in China and selected Asian countries – survey results. Chinese Management Studies, 1(2), 126-148. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506140710758026
Salman, A. F., Skibniewski, M. J., & Basha, I. (2007). BOT viability model for large-scale infrastructure projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 133(1), 50-63. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2007)133:1(50)
Spector, P. E. (1994). Using self‐report questionnaires in OB research: a comment on the use of a controversial method. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 15(5), 385-392. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030150503
Tiong, R. L. (1996). CSFs in competitive tendering and negotiation model for BOT projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 122(3), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1996)122:3(205)
Toor, S. R., & Ogunlana, S. O. (2010). Beyond the “iron triangle”: stakeholder perception of key performance indicators (KPIs) for large-scale public sector development projects. International Journal of Project Management, 28(3), 228-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.05.005
Turner, R. J., Huemann, M., Anbari, F. T., & Bredillet, C. N. (2010). Perspectives on projects. Oxon: Routledge.
Wang, X., & Huang, J. (2006). The relationships between key stakeholders’ project performance and project success: perceptions of Chinese construction supervising engineers. International Journal of Project Management, 24(3), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.11.006
Xu, Y., Chan, A. P. C., & Yeung, J. F. (2010). Developing a fuzzy risk allocation model for PPP projects in China. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(8). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000189
Yuan, J., Skibniewski, M. J., Li, Q., & Zheng, L. (2010). Performance objectives selection model in public-private partnership projects based on the perspective of stakeholders. Journal of Management in Engineering, 26(2), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000011
Yuan, J., Zeng, A. Y., Skibniewski, M. J., & Li, Q. (2009). Selection of performance objectives and key performance indicators in public private partnerships projects to achieve value for money. Construction Management and Economics, 27(3), 253-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190902748705
Zhang, X. (2006a). Public clients’ best value perspectives of public private partnerships in infrastructure development. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(2), 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2006)132:2(107)
Zhang, X. (2006b). Factor analysis of public clients’ best-value objective in public–privately partnered infrastructure projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(9), 956-965. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2006)132:9(956)
Zhang, X. Q. (2004). Concessionaire selection: methods and criteria. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 130(2), 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2004)130:2(235)
Zhang, X. Q. (2005). Critical success factors for public-private partnerships in infrastructure development. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 131(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:1(3)
Zou, W., Kumaraswamy, M., Chung, J., & Wong, J. (2014). Identifying the critical success factors for relationship management in PPP projects. International Journal of Project Management, 32(2), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.05.004
Amadi, C., Carrillo, P., & Tuuli, M. (2014). Stakeholder management in public private partnership projects in Nigeria: towards a research agenda. In A. B. Raiden & E. Aboagye-Nimo (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Annual ARCOM Conference (pp. 423-432), 1–3 September 2014, Portsmouth, UK: Association of Researchers in Construction Management.
Ameyaw, E. E., & Chan, A. P. (2015a). Risk ranking and analysis in PPP water supply infrastructure projects: an international survey of industry experts. Facilities, 33(7/8), 428-453. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-12-2013-0091
Ameyaw, E. E., & Chan, A. P. (2015b). Risk allocation in public-private partnership water supply projects in Ghana. Construction Management and Economics, 33(3), 187-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2015.1031148
Atkinson, R. (1999). Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, its time to accept other success criteria. International Journal of Project Management, 17(6), 337-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00069-6
Bryde, D. J., & Robinson, L. (2005). Client versus contractor perspectives on project success criteria. International Journal of Project Management, 23(8), 622-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.05.003
Chan, A. P. C., & Chan, A. P. L. (2004). Key performance indicators for measuring construction success. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 11(2), 203-221.
Chan, A. P. C., Lam, P. T. I., Chan, D. W. M., & Cheung, E. (2008). Risk-sharing mechanism for PPP Projects – the case study of the Sydney Cross City Tunnel. Surveying and Built Environment, 19(1), 67-80.
Chan, A. P. C., Lam, P. T., Chan, D. W., Cheung, E., & Ke, Y. (2010a). Critical success factors for PPPs in infrastructure developments: Chinese perspective. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(5), 484-494. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000152
Chan, A. P. C., Scott, D., & Lam, E. W. (2002). Framework of success criteria for design/build projects. Journal of Management in Engineering, 18(3), 120-128. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2002)18:3(120)
Chan, A. P. C., Yeung, J. F., Calvin, C. P., Wang, S. Q., & Ke, Y. (2011). Empirical study of risk assessment and allocation of public-private partnership projects in China. Journal of Management in Engineering, 27(3), 136-148. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000049
Cheung, S. O., Tam, C. M., Ndekugri, I., & Harris, F. C. (2000). Factors affecting clients’ project dispute resolution satisfaction in Hong Kong. Construction Management and Economics, 18(3), 281-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/014461900370654
Cox, R. F., Issa, R. R., & Ahrens, D. (2003). Management’s perception of key performance indicators for construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 129(2), 142-151. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2003)129:2(142)
Cserháti, G., & Szabó, L. (2014). The relationship between success criteria and success factors in organisational event projects. International Journal of Project Management, 32(4), 613-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.08.008
Davis, K. (2014). Different stakeholder groups and their perceptions of project success. International Journal of Project Management, 32(2), 189-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.02.006
Davis, K. (2016). A method to measure success dimensions relating to individual stakeholder groups. International Journal of Project Management, 34(3), 480-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.12.009
Dixon, T., Pottinger, G., & Jordan, A. (2005). Lessons from the private finance initiative in the UK: benefits, problems and critical success factors. Journal of Property Investment and Finance, 23(5), 412-423. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635780510616016
Dulaimi, M. F., Alhashemi, M., Ling, F. Y. Y., & Kumaraswamy, M. (2010). The execution of public–private partnership projects in the UAE. Construction Management and Economics, 28(4), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446191003702492
Elattar, S. M. S. (2009). Towards developing an improved methodology for evaluating performance and achieving success in construction projects. Scientific Research and Essays, 4(6), 549-554.
Frodell, M., Josephson, P. E., & Lindahl, G. (2008). Swedish construction clients’ views on project success and measuring performance. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 6(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1108/17260530810863316
Garland, R. (1991). The mid-point on a rating scale: is it desirable. Marketing Bulletin, 2(1), 66-70.
Ismail, S., & Azzahra H. F. (2014). Rationales for public private partnership (PPP) implementation in Malaysia. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 19(3), 188-201. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMPC-04-2014-0006
Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A. P., & Lam, P. T. (2010). Preferred risk allocation in China’s public–private partnership (PPP) projects. International Journal of Project Management, 28(5), 482-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.007
Khosravi, S., & Afshari, H. (2011). A success measurement model for construction projects. Proceedings of the International Conference on Financial Management and Economics (pp. 186-190). IPERD, Vol. 11. Singapore: IACSIT Press.
Lai, I. K. W., & Lam, F. K. S. (2010). Perception of various performance criteria by stakeholders in the construction sector in Hong Kong. Construction Management and Economics, 28(4), 377-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190903521515
Lam, P., & Javed, A. (2015). Comparative study on the use of output specifications for Australian and U.K. PPP/PFI projects. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 29(2), 04014061. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000554
Li, B., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P. J., & Hardcastle, C. (2005a). Critical success factors for PPP/PFI projects in the UK construction industry. Construction Management and Economics, 23(5), 459-471. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190500041537
Li, B., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P., & Hardcastle, C. (2005b). Perceptions of positive and negative factors influencing the attractiveness of PPP/PFI procurement for construction projects in the UK. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 12(2), 125-148. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980510584485
Lim, C. S., & Mohamed, M. Z. (1999). Criteria of project success: an exploratory re- examination. International Journal of Project Management, 17, 243-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00040-4
Liu, J., Love, P., Davis, P., Smith, J., & Regan, M. (2015). Conceptual framework for the performance measurement of public-private partnerships. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 21(1), 04014023. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000210
Liyanage, C., & Villalba-Romero, F. (2015). Measuring success of PPP transport projects: a cross-case analysis of toll roads. Transport Reviews, 35(2), 140-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2014.994583
Meng, X., Zhao, Q., & Shen, Q. (2011). Critical success factors for transfer-operate-transfer urban water supply projects in China. Journal of Management in Engineering, 27(4), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000058
Mladenovic, G., Vajdic, N., Wundsch, B., & Temeljotov-Salaj, A. (2013). Use of key performance indicators for PPP transport projects to meet stakeholders’ performance objectives. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 3(2), 228-249. https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-05-2012-0026
Osei-Kyei, R., Dansoh, A., & Ofori-Kuragu, J. K. (2014). Reasons for adopting public–private partnership (PPP) for construction projects in Ghana. International Journal of Construction Management, 14(4), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2014.967925
Osei-Kyei, R., & Chan, A. P. C. (2015a). Review of studies on the critical success factors for public–private partnership (PPP) projects from 1990 to 2013. International Journal of Project Management, 33(6), 1335-1346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.02.008
Osei-Kyei, R., & Chan, A. P. C. (2015b). Developing transport infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa through public–private partnerships: policy practice and implications. Transport Reviews, 36(2), 170-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2015.1077288
Osei-Kyei, R., & Chan, A. P. C. (2017). Perceptions of stakeholders on the critical success factors for operational management of public-private partnership projects. Facilities, 35(1/2), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-10-2015-0072
Osei-Kyei, R., Chan, A. P. C., Javed, A. A., & Ameyaw, E. E. (2017). Critical success criteria for public-private partnership projects: international experts’ opinion. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 21(1), 87-100. https://doi.org/10.3846/1648715X.2016.1246388
Roumboutsos, A., & Anagnostopoulos, K. P. (2008). Public–private partnership projects in Greece: risk ranking and preferred risk allocation. Construction Management and Economics, 26(7), 751-763. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190802140086
Rwelamila, P. D., Fewings, P., & Henjewele, C. (2014). Addressing the missing link in PPP projects: what constitutes the public?. Journal of Management in Engineering, 31(5), 04014085. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000330
Sachs, T., Tiong, R. L. K., & Wang, S. Q. (2007). Analysis of political risks and opportunities in public private partnerships (PPP) in China and selected Asian countries – survey results. Chinese Management Studies, 1(2), 126-148. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506140710758026
Salman, A. F., Skibniewski, M. J., & Basha, I. (2007). BOT viability model for large-scale infrastructure projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 133(1), 50-63. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2007)133:1(50)
Spector, P. E. (1994). Using self‐report questionnaires in OB research: a comment on the use of a controversial method. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 15(5), 385-392. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030150503
Tiong, R. L. (1996). CSFs in competitive tendering and negotiation model for BOT projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 122(3), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1996)122:3(205)
Toor, S. R., & Ogunlana, S. O. (2010). Beyond the “iron triangle”: stakeholder perception of key performance indicators (KPIs) for large-scale public sector development projects. International Journal of Project Management, 28(3), 228-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.05.005
Turner, R. J., Huemann, M., Anbari, F. T., & Bredillet, C. N. (2010). Perspectives on projects. Oxon: Routledge.
Wang, X., & Huang, J. (2006). The relationships between key stakeholders’ project performance and project success: perceptions of Chinese construction supervising engineers. International Journal of Project Management, 24(3), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.11.006
Xu, Y., Chan, A. P. C., & Yeung, J. F. (2010). Developing a fuzzy risk allocation model for PPP projects in China. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(8). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000189
Yuan, J., Skibniewski, M. J., Li, Q., & Zheng, L. (2010). Performance objectives selection model in public-private partnership projects based on the perspective of stakeholders. Journal of Management in Engineering, 26(2), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000011
Yuan, J., Zeng, A. Y., Skibniewski, M. J., & Li, Q. (2009). Selection of performance objectives and key performance indicators in public private partnerships projects to achieve value for money. Construction Management and Economics, 27(3), 253-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190902748705
Zhang, X. (2006a). Public clients’ best value perspectives of public private partnerships in infrastructure development. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(2), 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2006)132:2(107)
Zhang, X. (2006b). Factor analysis of public clients’ best-value objective in public–privately partnered infrastructure projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(9), 956-965. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2006)132:9(956)
Zhang, X. Q. (2004). Concessionaire selection: methods and criteria. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 130(2), 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2004)130:2(235)
Zhang, X. Q. (2005). Critical success factors for public-private partnerships in infrastructure development. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 131(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:1(3)
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