Impacts of the World Heritage List inscription: a case study of Kaiping Diaolou and Villages in China
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the overall impacts of the World Heritage List (WHL) inscription in China from different socioeconomic aspects. Kaiping Diaolou and Villages was chosen as the case study because the long period of preparation for WHL inscription led to residents’ deep understanding of its heritage values. Results are as follows. (1) Cultural cognition, sense of belonging, community cohesion and infrastructure were positively improved by the WHL inscription, whereas damage to the community cultural environment slightly increased. (2) In the economic domain, the WHL inscription had generated positive (increase in tourism development and villagers’ income and employment and solution to the Diaolou property rights problem) and negative impacts (worse tourism development, unequal income and unsolved property rights problems). (3) The WHL inscription improved the ecological environment and people’s attention to environmental protection. Although it also caused environmental damage due to an increase in tourists. (4) The positive impacts on the political domain were reflected by government leadership, community participation and plan and legislation, whereas the negative impacts included limited community participation and insufficient planning. Innovations of this study include constructing a theoretical framework to evaluate the impacts of WHL inscription, analysing the present factors of WHL inscription’s impacts and providing development suggestions.
First published online 22 October 2019
Keyword : impacts, World Heritage List, inscription, Kaiping Diaolou and Villages, World Heritage Sites, China
How to Cite
Han, W., Cai, J., Wei, Y., Zhang, Y., & Han, Y. (2020). Impacts of the World Heritage List inscription: a case study of Kaiping Diaolou and Villages in China. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 24(1), 51-69. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2019.10854
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. Nursingplus Open, 2(2), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
Bianchi, R. V. (2002). The contested landscapes of world heritage on a tourist island: the case of Garajonay National Park, La Gomera. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 8(2), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250220143896
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Bremner, L. (2000). Reinventing the Johannesburg inner city. Cities, 17(3), 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(00)00013-5
Burnard, P. (1991). A method of analysing interview transcripts in qualitative research. Nurse Education Today, 11(6), 461466. https://doi.org/10.1016/0260-6917(91)90009-Y
Caust, J., & Vecco, M. (2017). Is UNESCO World Heritage recognition a blessing or burden? Evidence from developing Asian countries. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 27, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.02.004
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Cheng, Y., & Zhang, J. (2013). Features and protection-utilization of Kaiping Diaolou and Villages on the basis of comparative analysis. Ecological Economy, 1, 184-187.
Cuccia, T., Guccio, C., & Rizzo, I. (2016). The effects of UNESCO World Heritage List inscription on tourism destinations performance in Italian regions. Economic Modelling, 53, 494-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.10.049
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Frey, B. S. (2013). Explaining the World Heritage List: an empirical study. International Review of Economics, 60(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-013-0174-4
Gordon, I., & Brian, G. (2000). Localities and tourism. Tourism Geographies, 2(3), 290-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680050082535
Griffin, T. (2013). Research note: a content analysis of articles on visiting friends and relatives tourism, 1990–2010. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 22(7), 781-802. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2012.708960
Han, W., Zhang, Y., Cai, J., & Ma, E. (2019). Does urban industrial agglomeration lead to the improvement of land use efficiency in China? An empirical study from a spatial perspective. Sustainability, 11(4), 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11040986
Hewison, R. (1987). The heritage industry: Britain in a climate of decline. London: Methuen London.
ICOMOS International Committee on Cultural Tourism. (1999). Tourism at world heritage sites: the site manager’s handbook. Madrid: WTO.
Jha, S. (2005). Can Natural World Heritage Sites promote development and social harmony? Biodiversity & Conservation, 14(4), 981-991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-7837-0
Jimura, T. (2011). The impact of world heritage site designation on local communities – a case study of Ogimachi, Shirakawamura, Japan. Tourism Management, 32(2), 288-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.02.005
Jones, T. E., Yang, Y., & Yamamoto, K. (2017). Assessing the recreational value of world heritage site inscription: a longitudinal travel cost analysis of Mount Fuji climbers. Tourism Management, 60, 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.11.009
Kim, S. S., Wong, K. K. F., & Cho, M. (2007). Assessing the economic value of a world heritage site and willingness-to-pay determinants: a case of Changdeok Palace. Tourism Management, 28(1), 317-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.12.024
Kolar, T., & Zabkar, V. (2010). A consumer-based model of authenticity: an oxymoron or the foundation of cultural heritage marketing? Tourism Management, 31(5), 652-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.010
Kovács, Z., Wiessner, R., & Zischner, R. (2013). Urban renewal in the inner City of Budapest: gentrification from a post-socialist perspective. Urban Studies, 50(1), 22-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098012453856
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc.
Leask, A., & Fyall, A. (2006). Managing world heritage sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080461755
Li, F., Wang, G., Li, Y., & Zhou, R. (2017). Job demands and driving anger: the roles of emotional exhaustion and work engagement. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 98, 198-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.013
Luo, N., Zhang, M., Hu, M., & Wang, Y. (2016). How community interactions contribute to harmonious community relationships and customers’ identification in online brand community. International Journal of Information Management, 36(5), 673-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.04.016
Ma, S. C., Fan, Y., & Feng, L. (2017). An evaluation of government incentives for new energy vehicles in China focusing on vehicle purchasing restrictions. Energy Policy, 110, 609-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.07.057
Melanie, S. (2002). A critical evaluation of the global accolade: the significance of World Heritage Site status for Maritime Greenwich. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 8(2), 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250220143922
Mihalik, B. J., & Simoneita, L. (1998). Resident perceptions of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games−Year II. Festival Management & Event Tourism, 5(1-2), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.3727/106527098792186676
Naudé, W. A., & Saayman, A. (2005). Determinants of tourist arrivals in Africa: a panel data regression analysis. Mpra Paper, 11(3), 365-391. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000005774352962
Newby, P. (1990). Tourist development. Applied Geography, 10(4), 357-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-6228(90)90041-M
Nicholas, L., & Thapa, B. (2010). Visitor perspectives on sustainable tourism development in the Pitons Management Area World Heritage Site, St. Lucia. Environment Development & Sustainability, 12(5), 839-857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-009-9227-y
Noor, S., Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Jaafar, M., & Barghi, R. (2018). Inscription of a destination as a World Heritage Site and residents’ perceptions. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 1-40.
Parga Dans, E., & Alonso González, P. (2019). Sustainable tourism and social value at World Heritage Sites: towards a conservation plan for Altamira, Spain. Annals of Tourism Research, 74, 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.10.011
Poria, Y., Reichel, A., & Cohen, R. (2013). Tourists perceptions of World Heritage Site and its designation. Tourism Management, 35(2), 272-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.02.011
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Roldán, J., Jaafar, M., & Ramayah, T. (2017). Factors influencing residents’ perceptions toward tourism development: differences across rural and urban World Heritage Sites. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 760-775. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516662354
Santa-Cruz, F. G., & López-Guzmán, T. (2017). Culture, tourism and World Heritage Sites. Tourism Management Perspectives, 24, 111-116.
Shackley, M. (Ed.). (1998). Chapter 12 − Conclusions − visitor management at cultural World Heritage Sites. In Visitor management (pp. 194-205). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-4783-0.50015-X
Su, X. (2015). Urban entrepreneurialism and the commodification of heritage in China. Urban Studies, 52(15), 2874-2889. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014528998
Su, Y. W., & Lin, H. L. (2014). Analysis of international tourist arrivals in China: the role of World Heritage Sites. Tourism Management, 40(6), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.04.005
Timothy, D. J. (2011). Cultural heritage and tourism: an introduction. Cultural Heritage & Tourism an Introduction, 2(1), 123-126.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (2017). Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (Vol. WHC/17/41.COM/11, 2017). Retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines (English).
Urban Planning and Design Center of Peking University. (2006). Protection and Management Plan on Kaiping Diaolou and Villages (extracts). Retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/104657
Wager, J. (1995). Developing a strategy for the Angkor World Heritage Site. Tourism Management, 16(7), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(95)00069-Z
Wang, C. H., Lin, L. U., & Xia, Q. Y. (2012). Research progress and enlightenment on tourism impacts of mega event. Journal of Natural Resources, 27(6), 1053-1067.
Wang, Y., & Bramwell, B. (2012). Heritage protection and tourism development priorities in Hangzhou, China: a political economy and governance perspective. Tourism Management, 33(4), 988-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.10.010
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