Fostering destination creativity through tourism lifestyle entrepreneurship: exploring the moderating effect of financial orientation
Abstract
The motivations and desires of tourists are constantly changing, and in this context, entrepreneurship demonstrates a significant contribution. Especially in the tourism industry, lifestyle entrepreneurs stand out for their contribution not only to the tourism sector, but also by their community attachment. Entrepreneurs with a lifestyle, goals, characteristics, and attitudes are distinct from other entrepreneurs. This research aims to portray the factors influencing their satisfaction with life perception, an important topic to understand their willingness to stay in the community. To this end, a survey was applied to 115 tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs, a data generated was analysed with partial least squares for confirmatory factor analysis. Findings reveal that networking, atmosphere, place attachment positively influence satisfaction with life. Furthermore, findings indicate that the financial objectives moderate these relationships, meaning that the way they conceive and act in their business also influences their satisfaction with life.
Keyword : lifestyle orientation, networking, place attachment, satisfaction with life, tourism
How to Cite
Dias, Álvaro, & Azambuja, T. (2022). Fostering destination creativity through tourism lifestyle entrepreneurship: exploring the moderating effect of financial orientation. Creativity Studies, 15(2), 420–434. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2022.13916
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Carlsen, J., Morrison, A., & Weber, P. (2008). Lifestyle oriented small tourism firms. Tourism Recreation Research, 33(3), 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2008.11081549
Daly, P., Dias, Á., & Patuleia, M. (2021). The impacts of tourism on cultural identity on Lisbon historic Neighbourhoods. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/516
Dawson, D., Fountain, J., & Cohen, D. A. (2011). Seasonality and the lifestyle “Conundrum”: An analysis of lifestyle entrepreneurship in wine tourism regions. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(5), 551–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2011.597580
Dias, Á., Patuleia, M., Silva, R., Estêvão, J., Rosario González-Rodríguez, M. (2021a). Post-pandemic recovery strategies: Revitalizing lifestyle entrepreneurship. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2021.1892124
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Dias, Á., Silva, G. M., Patuleia, M., & Rosario González-Rodríguez, M. (2021d). Transforming local knowledge into lifestyle entrepreneur’s innovativeness: Exploring the linear and quadratic relationships. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(22). https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1865288
Dias, Á., Silva, G. M., Patuleia, M., & Rosario González-Rodríguez, M. (2020). Developing sustainable business models: Local knowledge acquisition and tourism lifestyle entrepreneurship. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1835931
Drake, G. (2003). “This Place Gives Me Space”: Place and creativity in the creative industries. Geoforum, 34(4), 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(03)00029-0
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Fu, H., Okumus, F., Wu, K., & Köseoglu, M. A. (2019). The entrepreneurship research in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.10.005
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Hall, C. M. (2005). Reconsidering the geography of tourism and contemporary mobility. Geographical Research, 43(2), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2005.00308.x
Henseler, J., Ringle, Ch. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Kallmuenzer, A., Kraus, S., Peters, M., Steiner, J., & Cheng, Ch.-F. (2019). Entrepreneurship in tourism firms: A mixed-methods analysis of performance driver configurations. Tourism Management, 74, 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.04.002
Kibler, E., Fink, M., Lang, R., & Muñoz, P. (2015). Place attachment and social legitimacy: Revisiting the sustainable entrepreneurship journey. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 3, 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2015.04.001
Koh, K. Y. (1996). The tourism entrepreneurial process: A conceptualization and implications for research and development. The Tourist Review, 51(4), 24–41. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058234
Koh, K. Y., & Hatten, T. S. (2002). The tourism entrepreneur: The overlooked player in tourism development studies. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 3(1), 21–48. https://doi.org/10.1300/J149v03n01_02
Lang, R., Fink, M., & Kibler, E. (2014). Understanding place-based entrepreneurship in rural Central Europe: A comparative institutional analysis. International Small Business Journal, 32(2), 204–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613488614
Marchant, B., & Mottiar, Z. (2011). Understanding lifestyle entrepreneurs and digging beneath the issue of profits: Profiling surf tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs in Ireland. Tourism Planning and Development, 8(2), 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2011.573917
Morrison, A. (2006). A contextualisation of entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 12(4), 192–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550610679159
Mottiar, Z. (2007). Lifestyle entrepreneurs and spheres of inter-firm relations: The case of Westport, Co Mayo, Ireland. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 8(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000007780007326
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2009). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. In E. Diener (Ed.), Social indicators research series. Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener (pp. 101–117). Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_5
Pereira, V., Silva, G. M., & Dias, Á. (2021). Sustainability practices in hospitality: Case study of a luxury hotel in Arrábida Natural Park. Sustainability, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063164
Power, S., Domenico, Di Ml., & Miller, G. (2017). The nature of ethical entrepreneurship in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 65, 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.05.001
Richards, G., & Marques, L. (2012). Exploring creative tourism: Editors introduction. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, 4(2), 1–11.
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2006). Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial reproduction of culture? Tourism Management, 27(6), 1209–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.06.002
Ringle, Ch. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. SmartPLS.
Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. CABI Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851996646.0000
Romero, D., & Molina, A. (2011). Collaborative networked organisations and customer communities: Value co-creation and co-innovation in the networking era. Production Planning and Control, 22(5–6), 447–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2010.536619
Ryan, Th., Mottiar, Z., & Quinn, B. (2012). The dynamic role of entrepreneurs in destination development. Tourism Planning and Development, 9(2), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2011.630747
Schilar, H., & Keskitalo, E. C. H. (2018). Tourism activity as an expression of place attachment–place perceptions among tourism actors in the Jukkasjärvi Area of Northern Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 18(sup1), S42–S59. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2017.1389123
Sinapi, Ch. (2020). Cultural and creative entrepreneurship: Towards a paradigmatic proposal? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 40(2), 171–191. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2020.107755
Snieska, V., & Zykiene, I. (2015). City attractiveness for investment: Characteristics and underlying factors. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 213, 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.402
Solvoll, S., Alsos, G. A., & Bulanova, O. (2015). Tourism entrepreneurship – review and future directions. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 15(sup1), 120–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2015.1065592
Stamboulis, Y., & Skayannis, P. (2003). Innovation strategies and technology for experience-based tourism. Tourism Management, 24(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00047-X
Sun, X., Xu, H., Köseoglu, M. A., & Okumus, F. (2020). How do lifestyle hospitality and tourism entrepreneurs manage their work-life balance? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102359
Thomas, R., Shaw, G., & Page, S. J. (2011). Understanding small firms in tourism: A perspective on research trends and challenges. Tourism Management, 32(5), 963–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.003
Wang, Sh., Hung, K., & Huang, W.-J. (2019a). Motivations for entrepreneurship in the tourism and hospitality sector: A social cognitive theory perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78, 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.11.018
Wang, C., Li, G., & Xu, H. (2019b). Impact of lifestyle-oriented motivation on small tourism enterprises’ social responsibility and performance. Journal of Travel Research, 58(7), 1146–1160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518800389
Williams, A., & Shaw, G. (1998). Tourism and the environment: Sustainability and economic restructuring. In C. M. Hall & A. A. Lew (Ed.), Sustainable tourism: A geographical perspective (pp. 49–59). Pearson Education Limited.
Yachin, J. M. (2019). The entrepreneur–opportunity nexus: Discovering the forces that promote product innovations in rural micro-tourism firms. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2017.1383936
Zhao, W., Ritchie, J. R. B., & Echtner, Ch. M. (2011). Social capital and tourism entrepreneurship. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1570–1593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.02.006
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
Besser, T. L., & Miller, N. (2001). Is the good corporation dead? The community social responsibility of small business operators. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 30(3), 221–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-5357(01)00094-4
Bosworth, G., & Farrell, H. (2011). Tourism entrepreneurs in Northumberland. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1474–1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.015
Bredvold, R., & Skålén, P. (2016). Lifestyle entrepreneurs and their identity construction: A study of the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 56, 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.03.023
Bujor, A., & Avasilcai, S. (2016). The creative entrepreneur: A framework of analysis. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 221, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.086
Carlsen, J., Morrison, A., & Weber, P. (2008). Lifestyle oriented small tourism firms. Tourism Recreation Research, 33(3), 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2008.11081549
Daly, P., Dias, Á., & Patuleia, M. (2021). The impacts of tourism on cultural identity on Lisbon historic Neighbourhoods. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/516
Dawson, D., Fountain, J., & Cohen, D. A. (2011). Seasonality and the lifestyle “Conundrum”: An analysis of lifestyle entrepreneurship in wine tourism regions. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(5), 551–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2011.597580
Dias, Á., Patuleia, M., Silva, R., Estêvão, J., Rosario González-Rodríguez, M. (2021a). Post-pandemic recovery strategies: Revitalizing lifestyle entrepreneurship. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2021.1892124
Dias, Á., Rosario González-Rodríguez, M., Patuleia, M. (2021b). Developing poor communities through creative tourism. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2020.1775623
Dias, Á., Rosario González‐Rodríguez, M., Patuleia, M. (2021c). Retaining tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs for destination competitiveness. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(4), 701–712. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2436
Dias, Á., Silva, G. M., Patuleia, M., & Rosario González-Rodríguez, M. (2021d). Transforming local knowledge into lifestyle entrepreneur’s innovativeness: Exploring the linear and quadratic relationships. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(22). https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1865288
Dias, Á., Silva, G. M., Patuleia, M., & Rosario González-Rodríguez, M. (2020). Developing sustainable business models: Local knowledge acquisition and tourism lifestyle entrepreneurship. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1835931
Drake, G. (2003). “This Place Gives Me Space”: Place and creativity in the creative industries. Geoforum, 34(4), 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(03)00029-0
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Fu, H., Okumus, F., Wu, K., & Köseoglu, M. A. (2019). The entrepreneurship research in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.10.005
Hair, Jr. J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, Ch. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2005.00308.x
Hall, C. M. (2005). Reconsidering the geography of tourism and contemporary mobility. Geographical Research, 43(2), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2005.00308.x
Henseler, J., Ringle, Ch. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Kallmuenzer, A., Kraus, S., Peters, M., Steiner, J., & Cheng, Ch.-F. (2019). Entrepreneurship in tourism firms: A mixed-methods analysis of performance driver configurations. Tourism Management, 74, 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.04.002
Kibler, E., Fink, M., Lang, R., & Muñoz, P. (2015). Place attachment and social legitimacy: Revisiting the sustainable entrepreneurship journey. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 3, 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2015.04.001
Koh, K. Y. (1996). The tourism entrepreneurial process: A conceptualization and implications for research and development. The Tourist Review, 51(4), 24–41. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058234
Koh, K. Y., & Hatten, T. S. (2002). The tourism entrepreneur: The overlooked player in tourism development studies. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 3(1), 21–48. https://doi.org/10.1300/J149v03n01_02
Lang, R., Fink, M., & Kibler, E. (2014). Understanding place-based entrepreneurship in rural Central Europe: A comparative institutional analysis. International Small Business Journal, 32(2), 204–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613488614
Marchant, B., & Mottiar, Z. (2011). Understanding lifestyle entrepreneurs and digging beneath the issue of profits: Profiling surf tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs in Ireland. Tourism Planning and Development, 8(2), 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2011.573917
Morrison, A. (2006). A contextualisation of entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 12(4), 192–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550610679159
Mottiar, Z. (2007). Lifestyle entrepreneurs and spheres of inter-firm relations: The case of Westport, Co Mayo, Ireland. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 8(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000007780007326
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2009). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. In E. Diener (Ed.), Social indicators research series. Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener (pp. 101–117). Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_5
Pereira, V., Silva, G. M., & Dias, Á. (2021). Sustainability practices in hospitality: Case study of a luxury hotel in Arrábida Natural Park. Sustainability, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063164
Power, S., Domenico, Di Ml., & Miller, G. (2017). The nature of ethical entrepreneurship in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 65, 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.05.001
Richards, G., & Marques, L. (2012). Exploring creative tourism: Editors introduction. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, 4(2), 1–11.
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2006). Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial reproduction of culture? Tourism Management, 27(6), 1209–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.06.002
Ringle, Ch. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. SmartPLS.
Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. CABI Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851996646.0000
Romero, D., & Molina, A. (2011). Collaborative networked organisations and customer communities: Value co-creation and co-innovation in the networking era. Production Planning and Control, 22(5–6), 447–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2010.536619
Ryan, Th., Mottiar, Z., & Quinn, B. (2012). The dynamic role of entrepreneurs in destination development. Tourism Planning and Development, 9(2), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2011.630747
Schilar, H., & Keskitalo, E. C. H. (2018). Tourism activity as an expression of place attachment–place perceptions among tourism actors in the Jukkasjärvi Area of Northern Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 18(sup1), S42–S59. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2017.1389123
Sinapi, Ch. (2020). Cultural and creative entrepreneurship: Towards a paradigmatic proposal? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 40(2), 171–191. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2020.107755
Snieska, V., & Zykiene, I. (2015). City attractiveness for investment: Characteristics and underlying factors. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 213, 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.402
Solvoll, S., Alsos, G. A., & Bulanova, O. (2015). Tourism entrepreneurship – review and future directions. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 15(sup1), 120–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2015.1065592
Stamboulis, Y., & Skayannis, P. (2003). Innovation strategies and technology for experience-based tourism. Tourism Management, 24(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00047-X
Sun, X., Xu, H., Köseoglu, M. A., & Okumus, F. (2020). How do lifestyle hospitality and tourism entrepreneurs manage their work-life balance? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102359
Thomas, R., Shaw, G., & Page, S. J. (2011). Understanding small firms in tourism: A perspective on research trends and challenges. Tourism Management, 32(5), 963–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.003
Wang, Sh., Hung, K., & Huang, W.-J. (2019a). Motivations for entrepreneurship in the tourism and hospitality sector: A social cognitive theory perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78, 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.11.018
Wang, C., Li, G., & Xu, H. (2019b). Impact of lifestyle-oriented motivation on small tourism enterprises’ social responsibility and performance. Journal of Travel Research, 58(7), 1146–1160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518800389
Williams, A., & Shaw, G. (1998). Tourism and the environment: Sustainability and economic restructuring. In C. M. Hall & A. A. Lew (Ed.), Sustainable tourism: A geographical perspective (pp. 49–59). Pearson Education Limited.
Yachin, J. M. (2019). The entrepreneur–opportunity nexus: Discovering the forces that promote product innovations in rural micro-tourism firms. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2017.1383936
Zhao, W., Ritchie, J. R. B., & Echtner, Ch. M. (2011). Social capital and tourism entrepreneurship. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1570–1593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.02.006