The challenges in identification of artists-managers: consequences for creativity
Abstract
Research on identity, its tensions and paradoxes have extensive literature and a large number of scientists exploring the subject. Our own experiences in the fields of art and management were the main arguments for the introduce of the concept of “artists-managers” and to undertake research in the area of artists-managers’ identity to find the conclusions for creativity. This article aims to describe the challenges in the identification of artists-managers, who can be crucial in understanding the creativity factor. To reach our goal, we run empirical qualitative research based on in-depth interviews with key-informants from Europe, Africa and North America as well as auto-analysis of an artist-manager identity. We answer the research question “Who is the artist-manager?”. We present our “creativity development model” on the base of artists-managers’ characteristics and we describe what kind of challenges should be considered in the empirical research of artists-managers. These challenges may be used as guidelines for artists-managers: for those who discover an artist-manager in their personality, for defined artists-managers to help to better understand their features, and for artists-managers’ followers to be more sensitive for their leaders’ characteristics. Our model may help to understand and develop the creativity of society.
Keyword : artist’s identity, artist-manager’s identity, creativity, identity tension, manager’s identity, paradoxical thinking, self-construction
How to Cite
Szostak, M., & Sułkowski, Łukasz. (2021). The challenges in identification of artists-managers: consequences for creativity. Creativity Studies, 14(1), 112-124. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2021.13822
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Adler, N. J. (2015). Finding beauty in a fractured world: art inspires leaders – leaders change the world. Academy of Management Review, 40(3), 480–494. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2015.0044
Adler, N. J. (2011). Leading beautifully: the creative economy and beyond. Journal of Management Inquiry, 20(10), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492611409292
Ahuja, S., Nikolova, N., & Clegg, S. (2017). Paradoxical identity: the changing nature of architectural work and its relation to architects’ identity. Journal of Professions and Organization, 4(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpo/jow013
Alvesson, M., & Willmott, H. (2002). Identity regulation as organizational control: producing the appropriate individual. Journal of Management Studies, 39(5), 619–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00305
Bennett, D., & Hennekam, S. (2018). Self-authorship and creative industries workers’ career decisionmaking. Human Relations, 71(11), 1454–1477. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726717747369
Berthoin Antal, A., Debucquet, G., & Fremeaux, S. (2016). Addressing identity tensions through paradoxical thinking: lessons from artistic interventions in organizations. Management International/International Management, 21(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.7202/1052495ar
Brown, J. D. (1990). Evaluating one’s abilities: shortcuts and stumbling blocks on the road to selfknowledge. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26(2), 149–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(90)90073-U
Bulei, I., Mihalcioiu, V., & Tucmeanu, A. (2014). The professional vs. the manager-identity issues and key features. Valahian Journal of Economic Studies, 5(3), 31–36.
Carroll, B., & Levy, L. (2008). Defaulting to management: leadership defined by what it is not. Organization, 15(1), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508407084486
Child, D. (2012). The artist as project manager: Thomas Hirschhorn’s “Bataille Monument”. Journal of Arts and Communities, 4(3), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1386/jaac.4.3.217_1
Cuganesan, S. (2017). Identity paradoxes: how senior managers and employees negotiate similarity and distinctiveness tensions over time. Organization Studies, 38(3–4), 489–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840616655482
Dahlsen, J. (2015). An environmental artist and PhD candidate’s observations of globalism’s post GFC aftermath: is there economic viability, for marginalised artists creating the culture of environmental sustainability? Creative Approaches to Research, 8(1), 97–131.
David, O., & Bar-Tal, D. (2009). A sociopsychological conception of collective identity: the case of national identity as an example. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 354–379. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309344412
DeFillippi, R., Grabher, G., & Jones, C. (2007). Introduction to paradoxes of creativity: managerial and organizational challenges in the cultural economy. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 28, 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.466
Deresiewicz, W. (2015). The death of the artist – and the birth of the creative entrepreneur. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/01/the-death-of-the-artist-and-the-birthof-the-creative-entrepreneur/383497/
Dutton, J. E., Morgan Roberts, L., & Bednar, J. (2010). Pathways for positive identity construction at work: four types of positive identity and the building of social resources. Academy of Management Review, 35(2), 265–293. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2010.48463334
Elstad, B., & Jansson, D. (2020). From artist to manager – working conditions, career satisfaction, and professional identity among graduated arts management students. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 50(3), 184–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632921.2020.1746717
Erat, S., Kitapçi, H., & Akçin, K. (2020). Managerial perception and organizational identity: a comparative analysis. Sustainability, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062278
Fletcher, J., & Olwyler, K. (1997). Paradoxical thinking: how to profit from your contradictions. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
Gerpott, F. H., Quaquebeke, Van N., Schlamp, S., & Voelpel, S. C. (2019). An identity perspective on ethical leadership to explain organizational citizenship behavior: the interplay of follower moral identity and leader group prototypicality. Journal of Business Ethics, 156, 1063–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3625-0
Giraud Voss, Z., Cable, D. M., & Voss, G. B. (2006). Organizational identity and firm performance: what happens when leaders disagree about “Who We Are?”. Organization Science, 17(6), 741–755. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1060.0218
Gołaszewska, M. (1984). Zarys estetyki. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Gotsi, M., Andriopoulos, C., Lewis, M. W., & Ingram, A. E. (2010). Managing creatives: paradoxical approaches to identity regulation. Human Relations, 63(6), 781–805. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709342929
Gray, D. E., Gabriel, Y., & Goregaokar, H. (2015). Coaching unemployed managers and professionals through the trauma of unemployment: derailed or undaunted? Management Learning, 46(3), 299–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507614532752
Grigoryan, L. K., & Kotova, M. V. (2018). National identity management strategies: do they help or hinder adoption of multiculturalism in Russia? Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 11(3), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2018.0302
Hallier, J. (2004). Embellishing the past: middle manager identity and informality in the implementation of new technology. New Technology, Work and Employment, 19(1), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2004.00127.x
Hay, A. (2014). I don’t know what I am doing!”: surfacing struggles of managerial identity work. Management Learning, 45(5), 509–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507613483421
Hermes, J., Koch, K., Bakhuisen, N., & Borghuis, P. (2017). this is my life: the stories of independent workers in the creative industries in the Netherlands. Javnost – The Public: Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture, 24(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2017.1280892
Hospers, G.-J., & Dalm, van R. (2005). How to create a creative city? The viewpoints of Richard Florida and Jane Jacobs. Foresight, 7(4), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636680510611796
Hracs, B. J. (2015). Cultural intermediaries in the digital age: the case of independent musicians and managers in Toronto. Regional Studies, 49(3), 461–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2012.750425
Ibarra, H. (2004). Working identity: unconventional strategies for reinventing your career. Harvard Business School Press.
Joffe, M., & MacKenzie-Davey, K. (2012). The problem of identity in hybrid managers: who are medical directors? International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, 8(3), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/17479881211282649
Kačerauskas, T. (2018). Indices of creative economy: critique of R. Florida’s creativity indices. Economics and Sociology, 11(4), 280–288. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2018/11-4/18
Khazraee, E., & Novak, A. N. (2018). Digitally mediated protest: social media affordances for collective identity construction. Social Media and Society, 4(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118765740
Knight, E., & Paroutis, S. (2017). Becoming salient: The TMT leader’s role in shaping the interpretive context of paradoxical tensions. Organization Studies, 38(3–4), 403–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840616640844
Kunrath, K., Cash, Ph., & Kleinsmann, M. (2020). Social- and self-perception of designers’ professional identity. Journal of Engineering Design, 31(2), 100–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/09544828.2019.1676883
Martin, R., Florida, R., Pogue, M., & Mellander, Ch. (2015). Creativity, clusters and the competitive advantage of cities. Competitiveness Review, 25(5), 482–496. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-07-2015-0069
Masso, A. (2010). Geographical perspective on identity construction: identification strategies of Russian youth in Estonia. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences: Annual Review, 5(6), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.18848/1833-1882/CGP/v05i06/51763
McNeill, L., & Venter, B. (2019). Identity, self-concept and young women’s engagement with collaborative, sustainable fashion consumption models. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 43(4), 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12516
Mochalova, N. Y. (2020). Personal’naja identichnost’ hudozhnika kak uslovie i rezul’tat tvorchestva v iskusstve. Jetnicheskaja kul’tura, 2(3), 62–67.
Netting, F. E., & Williams, F. G. (1996). Case manager-physician collaboration: implications for professional identity, roles, and relationships. Health and Social Work, 21(3), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/21.3.216
Putnam, L. L. (2015, 2–4 July). Moving beyond “both-and” approaches: alternative strategies for managing paradoxical tensions. In paper presented at the Annual European Group on Organizational Studies Colloquium. Athens, Greece.
Reedy, P. (2008). Mirror, mirror, on the wall: reflecting on the ethics and effects of a collective critical management studies identity project. Management Learning, 39(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507607085978
Saavedra Llamas, M., & Grijalba de la Calle, N. (2020). The creative cinematographic process at the service of national identity: Pedro Almodóvar and the promotion of Spanish stereotypes. Creativity Studies, 13(2), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.8563
Schediwy, L., Bhansing, P. V., & Loots, E. (2018). Young musicians’ career identities: do bohemian and entrepreneurial career identities compete or cohere? Creative Industries Journal, 11(2), 174–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/17510694.2018.1489197
Schein, E. H. (2001). The role of art and the artist. Reflections, 2(4), 81–83. https://doi.org/10.1162/152417301750385495
Sethi, A., Mishra, N., & Dash, M. (2010). Social identity crisis amongst employees in mergers and acquisitions. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1588565
Sims, D. (2003). Between the millstones: a narrative account of the vulnerability of middle managers’ storying. Human Relations, 56(10), 1195–1211. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267035610002
Stasiulis, N. (2017). The idea of the creative society and the development of creative industries. Economics and Sociology, 10(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2017/10-2/16
Sveningsson, S., & Alvesson, M. (2003). Managing managerial identities: organizational fragmentation, discourse and identity struggle. Human Relations, 56(10), 1163–1193. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267035610001
Szostak, M. (2020). Creativity and artistry in organ music. The Organ, 391, 24–31.
Szostak, M., & Sulkowski, L. (2020a, 1–2 April). Kitsch in management: characteristic forms, carriers and propagators. In K. S. Soliman (Ed.), Education excellence and innovation management: a 2025 vision to sustain economic development during global challenges. 35th International Business Information Management Association Conference (IBIMA 2020) (pp. 7584–7598). Seville, Spain. International Business Information Management Association.
Szostak, M., & Sułkowski, Ł. (2020b). Manager as an artist: creative endeavour in crossing the borders of art and organizational discourse. Creativity Studies, 13(2), 351–368. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.11373
Tatarkiewicz, W. (2020). Historia estetyki. Tom I. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Tchouikina, S. (2010). The crisis in Russian cultural management: Western influences and the formation of new professional identities in the 1990s–2000s. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 40(1), 76–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632921003603950
Thornton, A. (2011). Being an artist teacher: a liberating identity? The International Journal of Art and Design Education, 30(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8070.2011.01684.x
Vincent, L. C., & Kouchaki, M. (2014). Creative, rare, entitled, and dishonest: how commonality of creativity in one’s group decreases an individual’s entitlement and dishonesty. Academy of Management Journal, 59(4), 1451–1473. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.1109
Warhurst, R., & Black, K. (2017). What do managers know? Wisdom and manager identity in later career. Management Learning, 48(4), 416–430.
Watson, T. J. (1994). In search of management: culture, chaos and control in managerial work. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507616679346
Watson, T. J. (2009). Narrative, life story and manager identity: a case study in autobiographical identity work. Human Relations, 62(3), 425–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708101044
White, H. C. (1992). Identity and control: a structural theory of social action. Princeton University Press.
Wolf, C. (2019). Not lost in translation: managerial career narratives and the construction of protean identities. Human Relations, 72(3), 505–533. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718778094
Yazar, T., & Arifoglu, G. (2012). A research of audio visual educational aids on the creativity levels of 4–14 year old children as a process in primary education. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 51, 301–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.163
Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz, A., & Sierotowicz, T. (2017). Women, men and creativity in higher education sector – comparative studies of leading EU and ECE countries. Journal of International Studies, 10(3), 105–119.
Zambrell, K. (2016). Managers’ identity construction at work: artistic interventions as triggers for identity work. Organizational Aesthetics, 5(2), 34–67. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2017/10-3/8
Zocche, L., Carísio de Paula, I., Kunrath, S. E., Milani Martins, V. L., & Lermen, F. H. (2018). Variables that influence creativity in perception of professionals: a case study in innovative Brazilian companies. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 29, 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.07.002
Adler, N. J. (2011). Leading beautifully: the creative economy and beyond. Journal of Management Inquiry, 20(10), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492611409292
Ahuja, S., Nikolova, N., & Clegg, S. (2017). Paradoxical identity: the changing nature of architectural work and its relation to architects’ identity. Journal of Professions and Organization, 4(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpo/jow013
Alvesson, M., & Willmott, H. (2002). Identity regulation as organizational control: producing the appropriate individual. Journal of Management Studies, 39(5), 619–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00305
Bennett, D., & Hennekam, S. (2018). Self-authorship and creative industries workers’ career decisionmaking. Human Relations, 71(11), 1454–1477. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726717747369
Berthoin Antal, A., Debucquet, G., & Fremeaux, S. (2016). Addressing identity tensions through paradoxical thinking: lessons from artistic interventions in organizations. Management International/International Management, 21(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.7202/1052495ar
Brown, J. D. (1990). Evaluating one’s abilities: shortcuts and stumbling blocks on the road to selfknowledge. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26(2), 149–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(90)90073-U
Bulei, I., Mihalcioiu, V., & Tucmeanu, A. (2014). The professional vs. the manager-identity issues and key features. Valahian Journal of Economic Studies, 5(3), 31–36.
Carroll, B., & Levy, L. (2008). Defaulting to management: leadership defined by what it is not. Organization, 15(1), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508407084486
Child, D. (2012). The artist as project manager: Thomas Hirschhorn’s “Bataille Monument”. Journal of Arts and Communities, 4(3), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1386/jaac.4.3.217_1
Cuganesan, S. (2017). Identity paradoxes: how senior managers and employees negotiate similarity and distinctiveness tensions over time. Organization Studies, 38(3–4), 489–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840616655482
Dahlsen, J. (2015). An environmental artist and PhD candidate’s observations of globalism’s post GFC aftermath: is there economic viability, for marginalised artists creating the culture of environmental sustainability? Creative Approaches to Research, 8(1), 97–131.
David, O., & Bar-Tal, D. (2009). A sociopsychological conception of collective identity: the case of national identity as an example. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 354–379. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309344412
DeFillippi, R., Grabher, G., & Jones, C. (2007). Introduction to paradoxes of creativity: managerial and organizational challenges in the cultural economy. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 28, 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.466
Deresiewicz, W. (2015). The death of the artist – and the birth of the creative entrepreneur. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/01/the-death-of-the-artist-and-the-birthof-the-creative-entrepreneur/383497/
Dutton, J. E., Morgan Roberts, L., & Bednar, J. (2010). Pathways for positive identity construction at work: four types of positive identity and the building of social resources. Academy of Management Review, 35(2), 265–293. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2010.48463334
Elstad, B., & Jansson, D. (2020). From artist to manager – working conditions, career satisfaction, and professional identity among graduated arts management students. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 50(3), 184–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632921.2020.1746717
Erat, S., Kitapçi, H., & Akçin, K. (2020). Managerial perception and organizational identity: a comparative analysis. Sustainability, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062278
Fletcher, J., & Olwyler, K. (1997). Paradoxical thinking: how to profit from your contradictions. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
Gerpott, F. H., Quaquebeke, Van N., Schlamp, S., & Voelpel, S. C. (2019). An identity perspective on ethical leadership to explain organizational citizenship behavior: the interplay of follower moral identity and leader group prototypicality. Journal of Business Ethics, 156, 1063–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3625-0
Giraud Voss, Z., Cable, D. M., & Voss, G. B. (2006). Organizational identity and firm performance: what happens when leaders disagree about “Who We Are?”. Organization Science, 17(6), 741–755. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1060.0218
Gołaszewska, M. (1984). Zarys estetyki. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Gotsi, M., Andriopoulos, C., Lewis, M. W., & Ingram, A. E. (2010). Managing creatives: paradoxical approaches to identity regulation. Human Relations, 63(6), 781–805. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709342929
Gray, D. E., Gabriel, Y., & Goregaokar, H. (2015). Coaching unemployed managers and professionals through the trauma of unemployment: derailed or undaunted? Management Learning, 46(3), 299–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507614532752
Grigoryan, L. K., & Kotova, M. V. (2018). National identity management strategies: do they help or hinder adoption of multiculturalism in Russia? Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 11(3), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2018.0302
Hallier, J. (2004). Embellishing the past: middle manager identity and informality in the implementation of new technology. New Technology, Work and Employment, 19(1), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2004.00127.x
Hay, A. (2014). I don’t know what I am doing!”: surfacing struggles of managerial identity work. Management Learning, 45(5), 509–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507613483421
Hermes, J., Koch, K., Bakhuisen, N., & Borghuis, P. (2017). this is my life: the stories of independent workers in the creative industries in the Netherlands. Javnost – The Public: Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture, 24(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2017.1280892
Hospers, G.-J., & Dalm, van R. (2005). How to create a creative city? The viewpoints of Richard Florida and Jane Jacobs. Foresight, 7(4), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636680510611796
Hracs, B. J. (2015). Cultural intermediaries in the digital age: the case of independent musicians and managers in Toronto. Regional Studies, 49(3), 461–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2012.750425
Ibarra, H. (2004). Working identity: unconventional strategies for reinventing your career. Harvard Business School Press.
Joffe, M., & MacKenzie-Davey, K. (2012). The problem of identity in hybrid managers: who are medical directors? International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, 8(3), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1108/17479881211282649
Kačerauskas, T. (2018). Indices of creative economy: critique of R. Florida’s creativity indices. Economics and Sociology, 11(4), 280–288. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2018/11-4/18
Khazraee, E., & Novak, A. N. (2018). Digitally mediated protest: social media affordances for collective identity construction. Social Media and Society, 4(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118765740
Knight, E., & Paroutis, S. (2017). Becoming salient: The TMT leader’s role in shaping the interpretive context of paradoxical tensions. Organization Studies, 38(3–4), 403–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840616640844
Kunrath, K., Cash, Ph., & Kleinsmann, M. (2020). Social- and self-perception of designers’ professional identity. Journal of Engineering Design, 31(2), 100–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/09544828.2019.1676883
Martin, R., Florida, R., Pogue, M., & Mellander, Ch. (2015). Creativity, clusters and the competitive advantage of cities. Competitiveness Review, 25(5), 482–496. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-07-2015-0069
Masso, A. (2010). Geographical perspective on identity construction: identification strategies of Russian youth in Estonia. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences: Annual Review, 5(6), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.18848/1833-1882/CGP/v05i06/51763
McNeill, L., & Venter, B. (2019). Identity, self-concept and young women’s engagement with collaborative, sustainable fashion consumption models. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 43(4), 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12516
Mochalova, N. Y. (2020). Personal’naja identichnost’ hudozhnika kak uslovie i rezul’tat tvorchestva v iskusstve. Jetnicheskaja kul’tura, 2(3), 62–67.
Netting, F. E., & Williams, F. G. (1996). Case manager-physician collaboration: implications for professional identity, roles, and relationships. Health and Social Work, 21(3), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/21.3.216
Putnam, L. L. (2015, 2–4 July). Moving beyond “both-and” approaches: alternative strategies for managing paradoxical tensions. In paper presented at the Annual European Group on Organizational Studies Colloquium. Athens, Greece.
Reedy, P. (2008). Mirror, mirror, on the wall: reflecting on the ethics and effects of a collective critical management studies identity project. Management Learning, 39(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507607085978
Saavedra Llamas, M., & Grijalba de la Calle, N. (2020). The creative cinematographic process at the service of national identity: Pedro Almodóvar and the promotion of Spanish stereotypes. Creativity Studies, 13(2), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.8563
Schediwy, L., Bhansing, P. V., & Loots, E. (2018). Young musicians’ career identities: do bohemian and entrepreneurial career identities compete or cohere? Creative Industries Journal, 11(2), 174–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/17510694.2018.1489197
Schein, E. H. (2001). The role of art and the artist. Reflections, 2(4), 81–83. https://doi.org/10.1162/152417301750385495
Sethi, A., Mishra, N., & Dash, M. (2010). Social identity crisis amongst employees in mergers and acquisitions. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1588565
Sims, D. (2003). Between the millstones: a narrative account of the vulnerability of middle managers’ storying. Human Relations, 56(10), 1195–1211. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267035610002
Stasiulis, N. (2017). The idea of the creative society and the development of creative industries. Economics and Sociology, 10(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2017/10-2/16
Sveningsson, S., & Alvesson, M. (2003). Managing managerial identities: organizational fragmentation, discourse and identity struggle. Human Relations, 56(10), 1163–1193. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267035610001
Szostak, M. (2020). Creativity and artistry in organ music. The Organ, 391, 24–31.
Szostak, M., & Sulkowski, L. (2020a, 1–2 April). Kitsch in management: characteristic forms, carriers and propagators. In K. S. Soliman (Ed.), Education excellence and innovation management: a 2025 vision to sustain economic development during global challenges. 35th International Business Information Management Association Conference (IBIMA 2020) (pp. 7584–7598). Seville, Spain. International Business Information Management Association.
Szostak, M., & Sułkowski, Ł. (2020b). Manager as an artist: creative endeavour in crossing the borders of art and organizational discourse. Creativity Studies, 13(2), 351–368. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.11373
Tatarkiewicz, W. (2020). Historia estetyki. Tom I. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Tchouikina, S. (2010). The crisis in Russian cultural management: Western influences and the formation of new professional identities in the 1990s–2000s. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 40(1), 76–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632921003603950
Thornton, A. (2011). Being an artist teacher: a liberating identity? The International Journal of Art and Design Education, 30(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8070.2011.01684.x
Vincent, L. C., & Kouchaki, M. (2014). Creative, rare, entitled, and dishonest: how commonality of creativity in one’s group decreases an individual’s entitlement and dishonesty. Academy of Management Journal, 59(4), 1451–1473. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.1109
Warhurst, R., & Black, K. (2017). What do managers know? Wisdom and manager identity in later career. Management Learning, 48(4), 416–430.
Watson, T. J. (1994). In search of management: culture, chaos and control in managerial work. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507616679346
Watson, T. J. (2009). Narrative, life story and manager identity: a case study in autobiographical identity work. Human Relations, 62(3), 425–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708101044
White, H. C. (1992). Identity and control: a structural theory of social action. Princeton University Press.
Wolf, C. (2019). Not lost in translation: managerial career narratives and the construction of protean identities. Human Relations, 72(3), 505–533. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718778094
Yazar, T., & Arifoglu, G. (2012). A research of audio visual educational aids on the creativity levels of 4–14 year old children as a process in primary education. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 51, 301–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.163
Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz, A., & Sierotowicz, T. (2017). Women, men and creativity in higher education sector – comparative studies of leading EU and ECE countries. Journal of International Studies, 10(3), 105–119.
Zambrell, K. (2016). Managers’ identity construction at work: artistic interventions as triggers for identity work. Organizational Aesthetics, 5(2), 34–67. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2017/10-3/8
Zocche, L., Carísio de Paula, I., Kunrath, S. E., Milani Martins, V. L., & Lermen, F. H. (2018). Variables that influence creativity in perception of professionals: a case study in innovative Brazilian companies. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 29, 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.07.002