Share:


The familial context of children’s creativity: parenting styles and the climate for creativity in parent–child relationship

    Dorota Maria Jankowska   Affiliation
    ; Jacek Gralewski   Affiliation

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between dimensions of a constructive parenting style, (i.e. parental acceptance and autonomy granting) factors of the climate for creativity in parent–child relationships (encouragement to experience novelty and variety, encouragement of nonconformism, support of perseverance in creative efforts, and encouragement to fantasize), and parents’ visual mental imagery. 313 parents of children between 6 and 12 years of age participated in the study. The results indicated that (a) a constructive parenting style was positively related to three of four factors of the climate for creativity in the parent–child relationships, i.e. encouragement to experience novelty and variety, support of perseverance in creative efforts, and encouragement to fantasize in the parent–child relationship; (b) parents’ level of vividness of mental imagery was positively related with both parental acceptance of child and autonomy support as well as components of climate for creativity in parent–child relationship; (c) mothers scored significantly higher than fathers in exhibiting acceptance of a child; (d) parents’ gender played an important role in the relations between dimensions of constructive parenting style and factors of climate for creativity in parent–child relationships. Findings were discussed in terms of the implications for further research and theory development in the area of family influences on the development of children’s creativity.

Keyword : climate for creativity in parent–child relationship, creative home environment, creativity, parenting styles, visual mental imagery

How to Cite
Jankowska, D. M., & Gralewski, J. (2022). The familial context of children’s creativity: parenting styles and the climate for creativity in parent–child relationship. Creativity Studies, 15(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2022.13449
Published in Issue
Jan 6, 2022
Abstract Views
2625
PDF Downloads
2040
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Abele, A. E., & Wojciszke, B. (2007). Agency and communion from the perspective of self versus others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(5), 751–763. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.751

Abuhassan, A., & Bates, T. C. (2015). Grit: Distinguishing effortful persistence from conscientiousness. Journal of Individual Differences, 36, 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000175

Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage Publications, Inc.

Albert, R. S., & Runco, M. A. (1988). Independence and the creative potential of gifted and exceptionally gifted boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18(3), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02139037

Amabile, T. M. (2012). Componential theory of creativity. In Working Paper 12-096. Harvard Business School. https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/12-096.pdf

Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 357–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.357

Batey, M., & Furnham, A. (2006). Creativity, intelligence, and personality: A critical review of the scattered literature. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 132(4), 355–429. https://doi.org/10.3200/MONO.132.4.355-430

Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43–88.

Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (2007). Toward a broader conception of creativity: A case for mini-C creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1(2), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/1931-3896.1.2.73

Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88(4), 354–364. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.88.4.354

Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2013). “Family Process” investments that matter for child well-being. In A. Kalil & Th. DeLeire (Eds.), Monographs in parenting. Family investments in children’s potential: Resources and parenting behaviors that promote success (pp. 1–32). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410610874-1

Burton, L. J. (2003). Examining the relation between visual imagery and spatial ability tests. International Journal of Testing, 3(3), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327574IJT0303_6

Campos, A., & José Pérez-Fabello, M. (2009). Psychometric quality of a revised version vividness of visual imagery questionnaire. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 108(3), 798–802. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.108.3.798-802

Carson, Sh. H., Peterson, J. B., & Higgins, D. M. (2005). Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the creative achievement questionnaire. Creativity Research Journal, 17(1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1701_4

Craft, A. (2005). Creativity across the Primary Curriculum: Framing and developing practice. Routledge.

Craig, L. (2006). Does father care mean fathers share? A comparison of how mothers and fathers in intact families spend time with children. Gender and Society, 20(2), 259–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205285212

Craig, L., & Mullan, K. (2011). How mothers and fathers share childcare: A cross-national time use comparison. American Sociological Review, 76(6), 834–861. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122411427673

Cropley, A. J. (1971). Creativity. Longman.

D’Angiulli, A., & Reeves, A. (2007). The relationship between self-reported vividness and latency during mental size scaling of everyday items: Phenomenological evidence of different types of imagery. American Journal of Psychology, 120(4), 521–551. https://doi.org/10.2307/20445424

Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487

Deng, L., Wang, L., & Zhao, Y. (2016). How creativity was affected by environmental factors and individual characteristics: A cross-cultural comparison perspective. Creativity Research Journal, 28(3), 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2016.1195615

Ekvall, G. (1996). Organizational climate for creativity and innovation. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(1), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414845

Ekvall, G., & Ryhammar, L. (1998). Leadership style, social climate and organizational outcomes: A study of a Swedish university college. Creativity and Innovation Management, 7(3), 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8691.00100

Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. W. W. Norton & Co.

Fan, J., & Zhang, L. (2014). The role of perceived parenting styles in thinking styles. Learning and Individual Differences, 32, 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.03.004

Fijałkowska, D., & Bielawska-Batorowicz, E. (2020.) A longitudinal study of parental attachment: Pre- and postnatal study with couples. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 38(5), 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2019.1665172

Forehand, R., & Nousiainen, S. (1993). Maternal and paternal parenting: Critical dimensions in adolescent functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 7(2), 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.7.2.213

Foster, J. F. (2015). Not now, maybe later: Helping children overcome procrastination. Great Potential Press, Inc.

Furman, A. (1998). Teacher and pupil characteristics in the perception of the creativity of classroom climate. Journal of Creative Behavior, 32(4), 258–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1998.tb00821.x

Glăveanu, V. P., Karwowski, M., Jankowska, D. M., & Saint-Laurent, de C. (2018). Creative imagination. In T. Zittoun & V. Glăveanu (Eds.), Frontiers in culture and psychology. Handbook of imagination and culture (pp. 61–86). Ch. Chiu, Y. Hong, & M. J. Gelfand (Series Eds.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190468712.003.0004

Goertzel, T. G., & Hansen, A. M. W. (2004). Cradles of eminence: Childhoods of more than 700 famous men and women. Great Potential Press, Inc.

González, M. A., Campos, A., & José Pérez, M. (1997). Mental imagery and creative thinking. The Journal of Psychology, 131(4), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989709603521

Gralewski, J. (2019). Teachers’ beliefs about creative students’ characteristics: A qualitative study. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 31, 138–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.11.008

Green Gardner, K., & Moran, III J. D. (1990). Family adaptability, cohesion, and creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 3(4), 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419009534361

Greving Mehall, K., Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., & Gaertner, B. M. (2009). Examining the relations of infant temperament and couples’ marital satisfaction to mother and father involvement: A longitudinal study. Fathering, 7(1), 23–48. https://doi.org/10.3149/fth.0701.23

Grolnick, W. S., Gurland, S. T., DeCourcey, W., & Jacob, K. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of mothers’ autonomy support: An experimental investigation. Developmental Psychology, 38(1), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.1.143

Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., Fremmer-Bombik, E., Kindler, H., Scheuerer-Englisch, H., & Zimmermann, P. (2002). The uniqueness of the child–father attachment relationship: Fathers’ sensitive and challenging play as the pivotal variable in a 16-year longitudinal study. Social Development, 11(3), 301–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00202

Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. McGraw-Hill.

Gute, G., Gute, D. S., Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2008). The early lives of highly creative persons: The influence of the complex family. In M. Csikszentmihalyi, The systems model of creativity: The collected works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (pp. 293–317). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1037/e591822009-001

Hair, Jr. J. F., Babin, B. J., Black, W. C., & Anderson, R. E. (2018). Multivariate data analysis. Palgrave Macmillan.

Harrington, D. M. (1999). Conditions and settings/environment. In M. A. Runco & S. R. Pritzker (Eds.-in-Chief), Encyclopedia of creativity, Vol. 1 (pp. 323–340). Academic Press.

Harrington, D. M., Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1987). Testing aspects of Carl Rogers’ theory of creative environments: Child-Rearing antecedents of creative potential in young adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(4), 851–856. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.4.851

Helson, R., Roberts, B., & Agronick, G. (1995). Enduringness and change in creative personality and the prediction of occupational creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1173–1183. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1173

Howe, M. J. A. (2002). Prodigies and creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 431–446). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807916.023

Hunter, S. T., Bedell, K. E., & Mumford, M. D. (2007). Climate for creativity: A quantitative review. Creativity Research Journal, 19(1), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410709336883

Jankowska, D. M., & Karwowski, M. (2019). Family factors and development of creative thinking. Personality and Individual Differences, 142, 202–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.030

Jankowska, D. M., & Karwowski, M. (2020). Visual imagery and creativity: The Polish version of vividness of visual imagery questionnaire and its links with creativity. https://psyarxiv.com/eyfxr

Jankowska, D. M., & Omelańczuk, I. (2018). Potential mechanisms underlying the impact of imaginative play on socio-emotional development in childhood. Creativity: Theories – Research – Applications, 5(1), 84–103. https://doi.org/10.1515/ctra-2018-0006

John, A., Halliburton, A., & Humphrey, J. (2013). Child–mother and child–father play interaction patterns with preschoolers. Early Child Development and Care, 183(3–4), 483–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2012.711595

Kallestad, J. H., Olweus, D., & Alsaker, F. (1998). School climate reports from Norweginan teachers: A methodological and substantive study. School Effectiveness and School Improvement: An International Journal of Research, Policy and Practice, 9(1), 70–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/0924345980090104

Karnes, M. B., Shwedel, A. M., & Steinberg, D. (1984). Styles of parenting among parents of young gifted children. Roeper Review, 6(4), 232–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783198409552824

Karwowski, M. (2014). Creative mindsets: Measurement, correlates, consequences, Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8(1), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034898

Karwowski, M. (2011). The creative mix? Teacher’s creative leadership, school creative climate, and students’ creative self-efficacy. Chowanna, 1, 25–43.

Karwowski, M., & Jankowska, D. M. (2016). Four faces of creativity at school. In R. A. Beghetto & J. C. Kaufman (Eds.), Nurturing creativity in the classroom (pp. 337–354). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316212899.019

Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2013). In praise of Clark Kent: Creative metacognition and the importance of teaching kids when (Not) to be creative. Roeper Review, 35(3), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2013.799413

Kawabata, Y., Alink, L. R. A., Tseng, W.-L., Ijzendoorn, van M. H., & Crick, N. R. (2011). Maternal and paternal parenting styles associated with relational aggression in children and adolescents: A conceptual analysis and meta-analytic review. Developmental Review, 31(4), 240–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2011.08.001

Kemple, K. M., & Nissenberg, Sh. A. (2000). Nurturing creativity in early childhood education: Families are part of it. Early Childhood Education Journal, 28(1), 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009555805909

Kihlstrom, J. F., Glisky, M. L., Peterson, M. A., Harvey, E. M., & Rose, P. M. (1991). Vividness and control of mental imagery: A psychometric analysis. Journal of Mental Imagery, 15(3–4), 133–142.

Kim, K. H. (2016). The creativity challenge: How we can recapture American innovation. Prometheus Books.

Koestner, R., Walker, M., & Fichman, L. (1999). Childhood parenting experiences and adult creativity. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(1), 92–107. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1998.2240

Kromelow, S., Harding, C., & Touris, M. (1990). The role of the father in the development of stranger sociability during the second year. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60(4), 521–530. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079202

Kuppens, S., Grietens, H., Onghena, P., & Michiels, D. (2009). Measuring parenting dimensions in middle childhood: Multitrait-multimethod analysis of child, mother, and father ratings. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.3.133

Kwaśniewska, J. M., Gralewski, J., Witkowska, E. M., Kostrzewska, M., & Lebuda, I. (2018). Mothers’ personality traits and the climate for creativity they build with their children. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 27, 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2017.11.002

Kwaśniewska, J. M., & Lebuda, I. (2017). Balancing between roles and duties – the creativity of mothers. Creativity: Theories – Research – Applications, 4(1), 137–158. https://doi.org/10.1515/ctra-2017-0007

LeBoutillier, N., & Marks, D. F. (2003). Mental imagery and creativity: A meta-analytic review study. British Journal of Psychology, 94(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712603762842084

Lebuda, I., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2020). All you need is love: The importance of partner and family relations to highly creative individuals’ well-being and success. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 54(1), 100–114. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.348

Lim, S., & Smith, J. (2008). The structural relationships of parenting style, creative personality, and loneliness. Creativity Research Journal, 20(4), 412–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410802391868

Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington & P. H. Mussen, Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 4: Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 1–101). Wiley.

Marks, D. F. (1973). Visual imagery differences and eye movements in the recall of pictures. Perception and Psychophysics, 14, 407–412. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211175

McAvinue, L. P., & Robertson, I. H. (2007). Measuring visual imagery ability: A review. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 26(3), 191–211. https://doi.org/10.2190/3515-8169-24J8-7157

McBride, B. A., & Mills, G. (1993). A comparison of mother and father involvement with their preschool age children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 8(4), 457–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2006(05)80080-8

Mehrinejad, S. A., Rajabimoghadam, S., & Tarsafi, M. (2015). The relationship between parenting styles and creativity and the predictability of creativity by parenting styles. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 205, 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.09.014

Michel, M., & Dudek, S. Z. (1991). Mother–child relationships and creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 4(3), 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419109534400

Miller, A. I. (2000). Insights of genius: Imagery and creativity in science and art. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3806.001.0001

Miller, B. C., & Gerard, D. (1979). Family influences on the development of creativity in children: An integrative review. The Family Coordinator, 28(3), 295–312. https://doi.org/10.2307/581942

Morrison, R. G., & Wallace, B. (2001). Imagery vividness, creativity and the visual arts. Journal of Mental Imagery, 25(3–4), 135–152.

Nickerson, R. S. (2002). Enhancing creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 392–430). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807916.022

Olszewski, P., Kulieke, M., & Buescher, Th. (1987). The influence of the family environment on the development of talent: A literature review. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 11(1), 6–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/016235328701100102

Palmiero, M., Cardi, V., & Olivetti Belardinelli, M. (2011). The role of vividness of visual mental imagery on different dimensions of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 23(4), 372–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2011.621857

Pang, W., Lu, Y., Long, H., Wang, Q., & Lin, L. (2020). Three-generational families: Are they beneficial to chinese children’s creativity? Thinking Skills and Creativity, 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2019.100623

Plopa, M. (2008). Skala postaw rodzicielskich: wersja dla rodziców. Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego.

Puchalska-Wasyl, M. M., & Jankowski, T. (2020). Do internal dialogues in young adults depend on mother-father incongruence in parental attitudes assessed retrospectively? Journal of Family Issues, 41(5), 667–691. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19881773

Pugsley, L., & Acar, S. (2020). Supporting creativity or conformity? Influence of home environment and parental factors on the value of children’s creativity characteristics. Journal of Creative Behavior, 54(3), 598–609. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.393

Rank, J., Pace, V. L., & Frese, M. (2004). Three avenues for future research on creativity, innovation, and initiative. Applied Psychology, 53(4), 518–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00185.x

Rathunde, K. (1996). Family context and talented adolescents’ optimal experience in school-related activities. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6(4), 605–628.

Rejskind, F. G. (1982). Autonomy and creativity in children. Journal of Creative Behavior, 16(1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1982.tb00322.x

Rejskind, G. (2000). TAG teachers: Only the creative need apply. Roeper Review, 22(3), 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783190009554023

Robson, S., & Rowe, V. (2012). Observing young children’s creative thinking: Engagement, involvement and persistence. International Journal of Early Years Education, 20(4), 349–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2012.743098

Rogers, C. R. (1954). Toward a theory of creativity. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 11(4), 249–260. Runco, M. A. (2003). Education for creative potential. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 47(3), 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313830308598

Russ, S. W. (2004). Play in child development and psychotherapy: Toward empirically supported practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410609397

Russ, S. W., Robins, A. L., & Christiano, B. A. (1999). Pretended play: Longitudinal prediction of creativity and affect in fantasy in children. Creativity Research Journal, 12(2), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1202_5

Russell, G., & Russell, A. (1987). Mother–child and father–child relationships in middle childhood. Child Development, 58(6), 1573–1585. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130696

Sayer, L. C., Bianchi, S. M., & Robinson, J. P. (2004). Are parents investing less in children? Trends in mothers’ and fathers’ time with children. American Journal of Sociology, 110(1), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1086/386270

Simons, R. L., Whitbeck, L. B., Conger, R. D., & Melby, J. N. (1990). Husband and wife differences in determinants of parenting: A social learning and exchange model of parental behavior. Journal of Marriage and Family, 52(2), 375–392. https://doi.org/10.2307/353033

Skinner, E., Johnson, S., & Snyder, T. (2005). Six dimensions of parenting: A motivational model. Parenting: Science and Practice, 5(2), 175–235. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327922par0502_3

Stavridou, A., & Furnham, A. (1996). The relationship between psychoticism, trait-creativity and the attentional mechanism of cognitive inhibition. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(1), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(96)00030-X

Tennent, L., & Berthelsen, D. (1997). Creativity: What does it mean in the family context? Journal of Australian Research in Early Childhood Education, 1, 91–104.

Torrance, E. P. (1965). Rewarding creative behavior: Experiments in classroom creativity. Prentice Hall.

Treffinger, D. J. (1980). Encouraging creative learning for the gifted and talented: A handbook of methods and techniques. Ventura County Superintendent of Schools/LTI Publications.

Vygotsky, L. S. (2004). Imagination and creativity in childhood. Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, 42(1), 7–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/10610405.2004.11059210

Wittkowski, A., Garrett, Ch., Calam, R., & Weisberg, D. (2017). Self-report measures of parental selfefficacy: A systematic review of the current literature. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 2960–2978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0830-5

Wright, C., & Wright, S. (1986). A conceptual framework for examining the family’s influence on creativity. Family Perspective, 20(2), 127–136.

Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 699–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699

Yamauchi, L. A., Ponte, E., Ratliffe, K. T., & Traynor, K. (2017). Theoretical and conceptual frameworks used in research on family–school partnerships. School Community Journal, 27(2), 9–34.