Saudi women behavior towards the acceptance of industrial small business
Abstract
The aim of this research was to canvass Saudi women’s opinions about behavioral beliefs, i.e., attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control on their behavioral intention and hence adopting the small business initiative. Following the descriptive method, adopting the planned behavior theory PBT, a questionnaire consisted of 15 items was adapted to measure the variables of the research, i.e., three predictors, which are attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, one mediating variable, which is behavioral intent and one dependent variable, which is the actual behavior. The questionnaire was electronically administered. A total of 724 questionnaires was collected in 2019. The results indicated that attitudes towards the behavior, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control had significant effects on behavioral intention, which in turn affect the target behavior. Behavioral intention had shown a mediating effect on the relationship between predictors and the response variable. Consequently, decision-makers are required to conduct awareness campaigns in order to promote the involvement in small businesses in the community, raising women’s attitudes towards this type of business via success stories and full government support. Their perceived behavioral control can be enhanced through training to acquire business-related skills.
Keyword : planned behavior theory, Saudi women, industrial small business
How to Cite
Almohaimmeed, B., Al-Tit, A. A., & Hasaballah, A. H. (2020). Saudi women behavior towards the acceptance of industrial small business. Business: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 412-419. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11551
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Ajzen, I., & Fishein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Al-Ayed, S. (2019). The impact of strategic human resource management on organizational resilience: an empirical research on hospitals. Business: Theory and Practice, 20, 179–186. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2019.17
Alkhamis, F. (2018). The mediating role of employee job performance in the impact of open book management dimensions on customer satisfaction. Business: Theory and Practice, 19, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2018.16
Almohaimmeed, B. (2017). Restaurant quality and customer satisfaction. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(3), 42–49.
Almohaimmeed, B. (2019). Internal service quality and external service quality using two versions of SERVQUAL scale: An empirical evidence from five malls in the capital city of Saudi Arabia. Business: Theory and Practice, 20, 158–169. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2019.15
Al-Tit, A. (2016). The impact of lean supply chain on productivity of Saudi manufacturing firms in Al-Qassim region. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 14(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2016.14.1.02
Al-Tit, A., & Hunitie, M. (2015). The mediating effect of employee engagement between its antecedents and consequences. Journal of Management Research, 7(5), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v7i5.8048
Al-Tit, A., Omri, A., & Euchi, J. (2019). Critical success factors of small and medium-sized enterprises in Saudi Arabia: Insights from sustainability perspective. Administrative Sciences, 9(32), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci9020032
Andrew, B., Mullan, B., de Wit, J., Monds, L., Todd, J., & Kothe, E. (2016). Does the theory of planned behaviour explain condom use behaviour among men who have sex with men? A meta-analytic review of the literature. AIDS and Behavior, 20(12), 2834–2844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1314-0
Baker, R., & White, K. (2010). Predicting adolescents’ use of social networking sites from an extended theory of planned behaviour perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1591–1597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.006
Carr, J., & Sequeira, J. (2007). Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: A theory of planned behavior approach. Journal of business research, 60(10), 1090–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.12.016
Cheon, J., Lee, S., Crooks, S., & Song, J. (2012). An investigation of mobile learning readiness in higher education based on the theory of planned behavior. Computers & Education, 59(3), 1054–1064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.04.015
Council of Economic and Development Affairs of Saudi Arabia CEDASA. (2016). Saudi Vision 2030, KSA (April 2016). http://vision2030.gov.sa/en
Davis, L., Ajzen, I., Saunders, J., & Williams, T. (2002). The decision of African American students to complete high school: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(4), 810. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.4.810
De Groot, J., & Steg, L. (2007). General beliefs and the theory of planned behavior: The role of environmental concerns in the TPB. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(8), 1817–1836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00239.x
Gird, A., & Bagraim, J. (2008). The theory of planned behaviour as predictor of entrepreneurial intent amongst final-year university students. South African Journal of Psychology, 38(4), 711–724. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630803800410
Gopi, M., & Ramayah, T. (2007). Applicability of theory of planned behavior in predicting intention to trade online: Some evidence from a developing country. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 2(4), 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468800710824509
Greaves, M., Zibarras, L., & Stride, C. (2013). Using the theory of planned behavior to explore environmental behavioral intentions in the workplace. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.02.003
Guerrero, M., Rialp, J., & Urbano, D. (2008). The impact of desirability and feasibility on entrepreneurial intentions: A structural equation model. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-006-0032-x
Hansen, T., Jensen, J., & Solgaard, H. (2004). Predicting online grocery buying intention: a comparison of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Information Management, 24(6), 539–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2004.08.004
Harris, M., & Gibson, S. (2008). Examining the entrepreneurial attitudes of US business students. Education + Training, 50(7), 568–581. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910810909036
Harrison, D., Mykytyn Jr, P., & Riemenschneider, C. (1997). Executive decisions about adoption of information technology in small business: Theory and empirical tests. Information Systems Research, 8(2), 171–195. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.8.2.171
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
Hoque, A., & Awang, Z. (2019). Does gender difference play moderating role in the relationship between entrepreneurial marketing and Bangladeshi SME performance? Accounting, 5(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2018.6.001
Kautonen, T., van Gelderen, M., & Fink, M. (2015). Robustness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(3), 655–674. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12056
Kautonen, T., Van Gelderen, M., & Tornikoski, E. (2013). Predicting entrepreneurial behaviour: a test of the theory of planned behaviour. Applied Economics, 45(6), 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.610750
Koropp, C., Kellermanns, F., Grichnik, D., & Stanley, L. (2014). Financial decision making in family firms: An adaptation of the theory of planned behavior. Family Business Review, 27(4), 307–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486514522483
Kortteisto, T., Kaila, M., Komulainen, J., Mäntyranta, T., & Rissanen, P. (2010). Healthcare professionals’ intentions to use clinical guidelines: a survey using the theory of planned behaviour. Implementation Science, 5(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-51
Korunka, C., Frank, H., Lueger, M., & Mugler, J. (2003). The entrepreneurial personality in the context of resources, environment, and the startup process – A configurational approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00030
Krueger Jr, N., Reilly, M., & Carsrud, A. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5–6), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Lortie, J., & Castogiovanni, G. (2015). The theory of planned behavior in entrepreneurship research: what we know and future directions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 935–957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0358-3
McEachan, R., Conner, M., Taylor, N., & Lawton, R. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviours with the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(2), 97–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.521684
Pavlou, P., & Fygenson, M. (2006). Understanding and predicting electronic commerce adoption: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. MIS Quarterly, 30(1), 115–143. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148720
Pelling, E., & White, K. (2009). The theory of planned behavior applied to young people’s use of social networking web sites. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(6), 755–759. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0109
Rhodes, R., Beauchamp, M., Conner, M., de Bruijn, G., Kaushal, N., & Latimer-Cheung, A. (2015). Prediction of depotbased specialty recycling behavior using an extended theory of planned behavior. Environment and Behavior, 47(9), 1001–1023. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916514534066
Rise, J., Sheeran, P., & Hukkelberg, S. (2010). The role of self-identity in the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(5), 1085–1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00611.x
Schreiber, J., Stage, F., King, J., Nora, A., & Barlow, E. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323–337. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
Shih, Y., & Fang, K. (2004). The use of a decomposed theory of planned behavior to research Internet banking in Taiwan. Internet Research, 14(3), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240410542643
Shook, C., & Bratianu, C. (2010). Entrepreneurial intent in a transitional economy: an application of the theory of planned behavior to Romanian students. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0091-2
Southey, G. (2011). The theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour applied to business decisions: A selective annotated bibliography. Journal of New Business Ideas & Trends, 9(1), 43–50.
Spence, M., Stancu, V., Elliott, C., & Dean, M. (2018). Exploring consumer purchase intentions towards traceable minced beef and beef steak using the theory of planned behavior. Food Control, 91, 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.035
Tommasetti, A., Singer, P., Troisi, O., & Maione, G. (2018). Extended theory of planned behavior (ETPB): Investigating customers’ perception of restaurants’ sustainability by testing a structural equation model. Sustainability, 10(7), 2580. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072580
Van Gelderen, M., Brand, M., van Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & Van Gils, A. (2008). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned behaviour. Career Development International, 13(6), 538–559. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810901688
Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
Ajzen, I., & Fishein, M. (1969). The prediction of behavioral intentions in a choice situation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5(4), 400–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(69)90033-X
Ajzen, I., & Fishein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Al-Ayed, S. (2019). The impact of strategic human resource management on organizational resilience: an empirical research on hospitals. Business: Theory and Practice, 20, 179–186. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2019.17
Alkhamis, F. (2018). The mediating role of employee job performance in the impact of open book management dimensions on customer satisfaction. Business: Theory and Practice, 19, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2018.16
Almohaimmeed, B. (2017). Restaurant quality and customer satisfaction. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(3), 42–49.
Almohaimmeed, B. (2019). Internal service quality and external service quality using two versions of SERVQUAL scale: An empirical evidence from five malls in the capital city of Saudi Arabia. Business: Theory and Practice, 20, 158–169. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2019.15
Al-Tit, A. (2016). The impact of lean supply chain on productivity of Saudi manufacturing firms in Al-Qassim region. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 14(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2016.14.1.02
Al-Tit, A., & Hunitie, M. (2015). The mediating effect of employee engagement between its antecedents and consequences. Journal of Management Research, 7(5), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v7i5.8048
Al-Tit, A., Omri, A., & Euchi, J. (2019). Critical success factors of small and medium-sized enterprises in Saudi Arabia: Insights from sustainability perspective. Administrative Sciences, 9(32), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci9020032
Andrew, B., Mullan, B., de Wit, J., Monds, L., Todd, J., & Kothe, E. (2016). Does the theory of planned behaviour explain condom use behaviour among men who have sex with men? A meta-analytic review of the literature. AIDS and Behavior, 20(12), 2834–2844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1314-0
Baker, R., & White, K. (2010). Predicting adolescents’ use of social networking sites from an extended theory of planned behaviour perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1591–1597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.006
Carr, J., & Sequeira, J. (2007). Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: A theory of planned behavior approach. Journal of business research, 60(10), 1090–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.12.016
Cheon, J., Lee, S., Crooks, S., & Song, J. (2012). An investigation of mobile learning readiness in higher education based on the theory of planned behavior. Computers & Education, 59(3), 1054–1064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.04.015
Council of Economic and Development Affairs of Saudi Arabia CEDASA. (2016). Saudi Vision 2030, KSA (April 2016). http://vision2030.gov.sa/en
Davis, L., Ajzen, I., Saunders, J., & Williams, T. (2002). The decision of African American students to complete high school: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(4), 810. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.4.810
De Groot, J., & Steg, L. (2007). General beliefs and the theory of planned behavior: The role of environmental concerns in the TPB. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(8), 1817–1836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00239.x
Gird, A., & Bagraim, J. (2008). The theory of planned behaviour as predictor of entrepreneurial intent amongst final-year university students. South African Journal of Psychology, 38(4), 711–724. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630803800410
Gopi, M., & Ramayah, T. (2007). Applicability of theory of planned behavior in predicting intention to trade online: Some evidence from a developing country. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 2(4), 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468800710824509
Greaves, M., Zibarras, L., & Stride, C. (2013). Using the theory of planned behavior to explore environmental behavioral intentions in the workplace. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.02.003
Guerrero, M., Rialp, J., & Urbano, D. (2008). The impact of desirability and feasibility on entrepreneurial intentions: A structural equation model. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-006-0032-x
Hansen, T., Jensen, J., & Solgaard, H. (2004). Predicting online grocery buying intention: a comparison of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Information Management, 24(6), 539–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2004.08.004
Harris, M., & Gibson, S. (2008). Examining the entrepreneurial attitudes of US business students. Education + Training, 50(7), 568–581. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910810909036
Harrison, D., Mykytyn Jr, P., & Riemenschneider, C. (1997). Executive decisions about adoption of information technology in small business: Theory and empirical tests. Information Systems Research, 8(2), 171–195. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.8.2.171
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
Hoque, A., & Awang, Z. (2019). Does gender difference play moderating role in the relationship between entrepreneurial marketing and Bangladeshi SME performance? Accounting, 5(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2018.6.001
Kautonen, T., van Gelderen, M., & Fink, M. (2015). Robustness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(3), 655–674. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12056
Kautonen, T., Van Gelderen, M., & Tornikoski, E. (2013). Predicting entrepreneurial behaviour: a test of the theory of planned behaviour. Applied Economics, 45(6), 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.610750
Koropp, C., Kellermanns, F., Grichnik, D., & Stanley, L. (2014). Financial decision making in family firms: An adaptation of the theory of planned behavior. Family Business Review, 27(4), 307–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486514522483
Kortteisto, T., Kaila, M., Komulainen, J., Mäntyranta, T., & Rissanen, P. (2010). Healthcare professionals’ intentions to use clinical guidelines: a survey using the theory of planned behaviour. Implementation Science, 5(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-51
Korunka, C., Frank, H., Lueger, M., & Mugler, J. (2003). The entrepreneurial personality in the context of resources, environment, and the startup process – A configurational approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00030
Krueger Jr, N., Reilly, M., & Carsrud, A. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5–6), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Lortie, J., & Castogiovanni, G. (2015). The theory of planned behavior in entrepreneurship research: what we know and future directions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 935–957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0358-3
McEachan, R., Conner, M., Taylor, N., & Lawton, R. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviours with the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(2), 97–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.521684
Pavlou, P., & Fygenson, M. (2006). Understanding and predicting electronic commerce adoption: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. MIS Quarterly, 30(1), 115–143. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148720
Pelling, E., & White, K. (2009). The theory of planned behavior applied to young people’s use of social networking web sites. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(6), 755–759. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0109
Rhodes, R., Beauchamp, M., Conner, M., de Bruijn, G., Kaushal, N., & Latimer-Cheung, A. (2015). Prediction of depotbased specialty recycling behavior using an extended theory of planned behavior. Environment and Behavior, 47(9), 1001–1023. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916514534066
Rise, J., Sheeran, P., & Hukkelberg, S. (2010). The role of self-identity in the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(5), 1085–1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00611.x
Schreiber, J., Stage, F., King, J., Nora, A., & Barlow, E. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323–337. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
Shih, Y., & Fang, K. (2004). The use of a decomposed theory of planned behavior to research Internet banking in Taiwan. Internet Research, 14(3), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240410542643
Shook, C., & Bratianu, C. (2010). Entrepreneurial intent in a transitional economy: an application of the theory of planned behavior to Romanian students. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0091-2
Southey, G. (2011). The theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour applied to business decisions: A selective annotated bibliography. Journal of New Business Ideas & Trends, 9(1), 43–50.
Spence, M., Stancu, V., Elliott, C., & Dean, M. (2018). Exploring consumer purchase intentions towards traceable minced beef and beef steak using the theory of planned behavior. Food Control, 91, 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.035
Tommasetti, A., Singer, P., Troisi, O., & Maione, G. (2018). Extended theory of planned behavior (ETPB): Investigating customers’ perception of restaurants’ sustainability by testing a structural equation model. Sustainability, 10(7), 2580. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072580
Van Gelderen, M., Brand, M., van Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & Van Gils, A. (2008). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned behaviour. Career Development International, 13(6), 538–559. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810901688