Determinants of technological innovations in health tourism enterprises
Abstract
The research problem is the implementation of technological innovations in health tourism services. The main purpose of the paper is diagnosing determinants of technological innovativeness of enterprises that provide health tourism services. Two detailed objectives were laid down – specifically, an indication of these determinants in respect of the range and type of a technological innovation. The methods applied in the research are: Delphi method, comparative analysis, the range method and the standardised interview method. In order to indicate determinants the following research techniques were used: Kruskal - Wallis test, factor analysis, analysis of medium-rank test, Spearman’s rank order correlation test. The primary result is diagnosing determinants affecting technological innovativeness of the subjects under study which are: quality of endogenous human capital of the surveyed entities and inflow of external information. The research is of ground-breaking nature since until now, technological innovations in health tourism have not been described in economy literature. The results have an impact on the development of economics and management sciences, contributing to the development of innovation theory and enterprise management. Moreover, the results potentially contribute to the practical aspect by means of their application by practitioners – organisers of health tourism.
Keyword : some innovations, radical innovations, technology, tourism, health tourism
How to Cite
Szymańska, E., & Panfiluk, E. (2020). Determinants of technological innovations in health tourism enterprises. Business: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 348-359. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11104
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Barhoum, H., & Djaouahdou, R. (2017). The innovation influence on small and medium-size enterprises – the Algerian case. Valahian Journal of Economic Studies, 8(22), 13–20.
Chang, S., Pu, Ch. Y, & Hsish, P. J. (2014). A regional competition analysis of medical tourism industry an example of Taiwan. International Journal of Information and Management Sciences, 25(2), 139–156.
Chang-Hee, K., & Karen, Y. (2018). Beyond consensus: a review of Delphi research published in Malaysian Social Science Journals. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(2), 312–323.
Chuang, T. C., Liu, J. S., Lu, L. Y. Y., & Lee, Y. (2014). The main paths of medical tourism: from transplantation to beautification. Tourism Management, 45, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.03.016
Ciburiene, J. (2009). The Innovativeness of SME activity in the context of globalization in Lithuania. Economics and Management, 14, 723–730.
Cormany, D., & Baloglu, S. (2010). Medical travel facilitator websites: An exploratory study of web page contents and services offered to the prospective medical tourist. Tourism Management, 32, 709–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.02.008
Custer, R. L., Scarcella, J. A., & Stewart, B. R. (1999). The modified Delphi technique: A rotational modification. Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 15(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v15i2.702
Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An application of the Delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458–467. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.9.3.458
Drucker, P. F. (2004). Natchnienie i fart, czyli innowacja i przedsiębiorczość. Wydawnictwo Studio EMKA.
Dziedzic, E. (2011). Perspektywy turystyki w warunkach rozwoju opartego o innowacje [Prospects for tourism in the conditions of development based on innovation]. In E. Dziedzic (Ed.), Turystyka wobec nowych zjawisk w gospodarce światowej [Tourism in the face of new developments in the global economy] (pp. 403–440). Oficyna Wydawnicza Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie [Publishing House of Warsaw School of Economics].
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Gault, F. (2010) Innovation strategies for a global economy. Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806725
Grisham, T. (2009). The Delphi technique: a method for testing complex and multifaceted topics. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 2(1), 112–130. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538370910930545
Grupp, H., Mogee, M. E. (2004). Indicators for national science and technology policy: how robust are composite indicators? Research Policy, 33(9), 1373–1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.09.007
Halicka, K. (2016). Innovative classification of methods of the future-oriented technology analysis. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 22(4), 574–597. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2016.1197164
Hall, C. M., & Williams, A. M. (2008). Tourism and innovation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203938430
Hazarika, I. (2010). Medical tourism: its potential impact on the health workforce and health systems in India. Health Policy and Planning, 25, 248–251. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czp050
Heung, V. C. S., Kucukusta, D., & Song, H. A. (2010). Conceptual model of medical tourism. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 27(3), 236–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548401003744677
Hjalager, A. M. (2009). Innovations in travel medicine and the progress of tourism – selected narratives. Technovation, 29, 596–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2009.05.012
Hjalager, A. M. (2002). Repairing innovation defectiveness in tourism. Tourism Management, 23, 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00013-4
Hjalager, A. M. (2010). A review of innovation research in tourism. Tourism Management, 31, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.012
Janasz, W., & Kozioł, K. (2007). Determinanty działalności innowacyjnej przedsiębiorstw [Determinants of innovative activity of enterprises]. PWE.
Kruskal, W. H., & Wallis, W. A. (1952). Use of ranks in one – criterion variance analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47, 583–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1952.10483441
Lee, H. K., & Fernando, Y. (2015). The antecedents and outcomes of the medical tourism supply chain. Tourism Management, 46, 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.06.014
Lin, V. S., & Song, H. (2015). A review of Delphi forecasting research in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(12), 1099–1131. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.967187
Lunt, N., & Carrera, P. (2010). Medical tourism: assessing the evidence on treatment abroad. Maturitas, 66, 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.01.017
Morgan, J. Q. (2010). Governance. Policy innovation, and local economic development in North Carolina. Policy Studies Journal, 38, 679–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00379.x
Nazarko, Ł. (2016). Responsible research of innovation – new paradigm of technology management. Business and Management – Conference Proceedings. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. https://doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.71
OECD. (2005). Oslo manual: Guidelines for collecting and interpreting innovation data. OECD and Eurostat. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264013100-en
OECD. (2006). Innovation and growth in tourism. OECD and Eurostat. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264025028-en
OECD. (2008). Oslo manual. OECD and Eurostat.
Palos-Sanchez, P., Sura, J., & Reyes-Menendez, A. (2018). Users acceptance of location-based marketing apps in tourism sector: an exploratory analysis. Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, 6(3), 258–270.
Panfiluk, E. (2016). Aesthetic medicine tourism – nature and scope of services. Ekonomia i Zarządzanie, 8, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0008
Perunovic, Z., & Christiansen, T. B. (2005). Exploring Danish innovative manufacturing performance. Technovation, 26, 1051–1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.02.013
Polska Klasyfikacja Działalności [Polish Classification of Activities]. (2014). http://www.pkd.com.pl/wyszukiwarka/lista_pkd
Rosenberg, N., & Schumpeter, J. (1994). Radical economist. In Exploring the black box. Technology, economics, and history. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511582554.005
Roy, R., Chan, N. W., & Ahmed, Q. N. (2014). A Delphi study to determine sustainability factors: The case of rice farming in Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 9(1), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-013-0234-4
Rycroft, R. W. (2003). Technology-based globalization indicators, centrality of innovation network data. Technology in Society, 25, 299–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-791X(03)00047-2
Schumpeter, J. (1960). Teoria rozwoju gospodarczego [The Theory of Economic Development]. PWN.
Stepaniuk, K. (2012). Portal społecznościowy w kreowaniu potrzeb turystycznych [Social networking in creating travel needs]. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług, 83, 45–56.
Su, Ch.-m. (2018). A study of policies for improving the technological innovation capacity of small and medium-sized enterprises. TEM Journal, 7(2), 268–280.
Sundbo, J., Orfila-Sintes, F., & Sorensen, F. (2007). The innovative behavior of tourism firms – Denmark and Spain. Reserch Policy, 36, 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.08.004
Szymańska, E. (2013). Procesy innowacyjne przedsiębiorstw świadczących usługi w zakresie organizacji imprez turystycznych [Innovation processes at providers of services related to the organisation of tourist events – in Polish]. Publishing House of the Bialystok University of Technology.
Szymańska, E. (2009). Innowacyjność przedsiębiorstw turystycznych w Polsce [Innovativeness of tourist companies in Poland – in Polish]. Publishing House of the Bialystok University of Technology.
Szymańska, E. (2016, on-line 2017). Consumer participation in the health tourism innovation proces. Economics and Management, 8(4), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0030
Szymańska, E., Dziedzic, E., Panasiuk, A. M., Panfiluk, E., & Rutkowski, A. (2017). Innowacje w turystyce zdrowotnej [Health tourism innovations]. Wydawnictwo DIFIN.
Teece, D. J. (1997). Capturing value from technological innovation: innovation, strategic partnering, and licensing decisions. In M. L. Thusman & P. Anderson (Ed.), Managing strategic innovation and change. Oxford University Press.
Tuominen, M., Rajala, A., & Möller, K. (2004). How does adaptability drive firm innovativeness. Journal of Business Research, 57, 495–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00316-8
Urban, W., & Czerska, J. (2016). Reaching an entrepreneurial management system of amoebas. A qualitative insight into the European experiences. Ekonomia i Zarządzanie, 8, 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0001
Vernon, W. (2009). The Delphi technique: A review. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 16(2), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2009.16.2.38892
Webber, R. A. (1996). Zasady zarządzania innowacjami. PWE.
World Health Organization. (2017). http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html
Zorska, A. (2007). Korporacje transnarodowe. Przemiany, oddziaływania, wyzwania [Trasnational Corporations. Change, Impact, Challenges]. PWN.
Andreeva, N. (2014). Turystyka zdrowotne jako współczesny trend rozwojowy (Health tourism as a contemporary development trend). In J. Snarski & M. Jalinik (Ed.), Przedsiębiorczość w turystyce [Entrepreneurship in tourism] (pp. 130–138). Wydawnictwo EkoPress.
Balezentis, A., & Balkiene, K. (2014). Innovation policy measurement: analysis of Lithuania’s case. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 27, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2014.947103
Bank Danych Lokalnych (Local Data Bank). (2014). https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL
Banyte, J., & Salickaite, R. (2008). Successful diffusion and adoption of innovation as a means to increase competitiveness of enterprises. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 1(56), 48–56.
Barhoum, H., & Djaouahdou, R. (2017). The innovation influence on small and medium-size enterprises – the Algerian case. Valahian Journal of Economic Studies, 8(22), 13–20.
Chang, S., Pu, Ch. Y, & Hsish, P. J. (2014). A regional competition analysis of medical tourism industry an example of Taiwan. International Journal of Information and Management Sciences, 25(2), 139–156.
Chang-Hee, K., & Karen, Y. (2018). Beyond consensus: a review of Delphi research published in Malaysian Social Science Journals. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(2), 312–323.
Chuang, T. C., Liu, J. S., Lu, L. Y. Y., & Lee, Y. (2014). The main paths of medical tourism: from transplantation to beautification. Tourism Management, 45, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.03.016
Ciburiene, J. (2009). The Innovativeness of SME activity in the context of globalization in Lithuania. Economics and Management, 14, 723–730.
Cormany, D., & Baloglu, S. (2010). Medical travel facilitator websites: An exploratory study of web page contents and services offered to the prospective medical tourist. Tourism Management, 32, 709–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.02.008
Custer, R. L., Scarcella, J. A., & Stewart, B. R. (1999). The modified Delphi technique: A rotational modification. Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 15(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v15i2.702
Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An application of the Delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458–467. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.9.3.458
Drucker, P. F. (2004). Natchnienie i fart, czyli innowacja i przedsiębiorczość. Wydawnictwo Studio EMKA.
Dziedzic, E. (2011). Perspektywy turystyki w warunkach rozwoju opartego o innowacje [Prospects for tourism in the conditions of development based on innovation]. In E. Dziedzic (Ed.), Turystyka wobec nowych zjawisk w gospodarce światowej [Tourism in the face of new developments in the global economy] (pp. 403–440). Oficyna Wydawnicza Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie [Publishing House of Warsaw School of Economics].
Ejdys, J., Ustinovičius, L., & Stankevičienė, J. (2015). Innovative application of contemporary management methods in a knowledge-based economy – interdisciplinarity in science. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 16, 261–274. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2014.986192
Flynn, S. I. (2013). Technological innovation. Research Starters: Business.
Gault, F. (2010) Innovation strategies for a global economy. Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806725
Grisham, T. (2009). The Delphi technique: a method for testing complex and multifaceted topics. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 2(1), 112–130. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538370910930545
Grupp, H., Mogee, M. E. (2004). Indicators for national science and technology policy: how robust are composite indicators? Research Policy, 33(9), 1373–1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.09.007
Halicka, K. (2016). Innovative classification of methods of the future-oriented technology analysis. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 22(4), 574–597. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2016.1197164
Hall, C. M., & Williams, A. M. (2008). Tourism and innovation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203938430
Hazarika, I. (2010). Medical tourism: its potential impact on the health workforce and health systems in India. Health Policy and Planning, 25, 248–251. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czp050
Heung, V. C. S., Kucukusta, D., & Song, H. A. (2010). Conceptual model of medical tourism. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 27(3), 236–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548401003744677
Hjalager, A. M. (2009). Innovations in travel medicine and the progress of tourism – selected narratives. Technovation, 29, 596–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2009.05.012
Hjalager, A. M. (2002). Repairing innovation defectiveness in tourism. Tourism Management, 23, 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00013-4
Hjalager, A. M. (2010). A review of innovation research in tourism. Tourism Management, 31, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.012
Janasz, W., & Kozioł, K. (2007). Determinanty działalności innowacyjnej przedsiębiorstw [Determinants of innovative activity of enterprises]. PWE.
Kruskal, W. H., & Wallis, W. A. (1952). Use of ranks in one – criterion variance analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47, 583–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1952.10483441
Lee, H. K., & Fernando, Y. (2015). The antecedents and outcomes of the medical tourism supply chain. Tourism Management, 46, 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.06.014
Lin, V. S., & Song, H. (2015). A review of Delphi forecasting research in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(12), 1099–1131. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.967187
Lunt, N., & Carrera, P. (2010). Medical tourism: assessing the evidence on treatment abroad. Maturitas, 66, 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.01.017
Morgan, J. Q. (2010). Governance. Policy innovation, and local economic development in North Carolina. Policy Studies Journal, 38, 679–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00379.x
Nazarko, Ł. (2016). Responsible research of innovation – new paradigm of technology management. Business and Management – Conference Proceedings. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. https://doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.71
OECD. (2005). Oslo manual: Guidelines for collecting and interpreting innovation data. OECD and Eurostat. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264013100-en
OECD. (2006). Innovation and growth in tourism. OECD and Eurostat. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264025028-en
OECD. (2008). Oslo manual. OECD and Eurostat.
Palos-Sanchez, P., Sura, J., & Reyes-Menendez, A. (2018). Users acceptance of location-based marketing apps in tourism sector: an exploratory analysis. Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, 6(3), 258–270.
Panfiluk, E. (2016). Aesthetic medicine tourism – nature and scope of services. Ekonomia i Zarządzanie, 8, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0008
Perunovic, Z., & Christiansen, T. B. (2005). Exploring Danish innovative manufacturing performance. Technovation, 26, 1051–1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.02.013
Polska Klasyfikacja Działalności [Polish Classification of Activities]. (2014). http://www.pkd.com.pl/wyszukiwarka/lista_pkd
Rosenberg, N., & Schumpeter, J. (1994). Radical economist. In Exploring the black box. Technology, economics, and history. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511582554.005
Roy, R., Chan, N. W., & Ahmed, Q. N. (2014). A Delphi study to determine sustainability factors: The case of rice farming in Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 9(1), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-013-0234-4
Rycroft, R. W. (2003). Technology-based globalization indicators, centrality of innovation network data. Technology in Society, 25, 299–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-791X(03)00047-2
Schumpeter, J. (1960). Teoria rozwoju gospodarczego [The Theory of Economic Development]. PWN.
Stepaniuk, K. (2012). Portal społecznościowy w kreowaniu potrzeb turystycznych [Social networking in creating travel needs]. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług, 83, 45–56.
Su, Ch.-m. (2018). A study of policies for improving the technological innovation capacity of small and medium-sized enterprises. TEM Journal, 7(2), 268–280.
Sundbo, J., Orfila-Sintes, F., & Sorensen, F. (2007). The innovative behavior of tourism firms – Denmark and Spain. Reserch Policy, 36, 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.08.004
Szymańska, E. (2013). Procesy innowacyjne przedsiębiorstw świadczących usługi w zakresie organizacji imprez turystycznych [Innovation processes at providers of services related to the organisation of tourist events – in Polish]. Publishing House of the Bialystok University of Technology.
Szymańska, E. (2009). Innowacyjność przedsiębiorstw turystycznych w Polsce [Innovativeness of tourist companies in Poland – in Polish]. Publishing House of the Bialystok University of Technology.
Szymańska, E. (2016, on-line 2017). Consumer participation in the health tourism innovation proces. Economics and Management, 8(4), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0030
Szymańska, E., Dziedzic, E., Panasiuk, A. M., Panfiluk, E., & Rutkowski, A. (2017). Innowacje w turystyce zdrowotnej [Health tourism innovations]. Wydawnictwo DIFIN.
Teece, D. J. (1997). Capturing value from technological innovation: innovation, strategic partnering, and licensing decisions. In M. L. Thusman & P. Anderson (Ed.), Managing strategic innovation and change. Oxford University Press.
Tuominen, M., Rajala, A., & Möller, K. (2004). How does adaptability drive firm innovativeness. Journal of Business Research, 57, 495–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00316-8
Urban, W., & Czerska, J. (2016). Reaching an entrepreneurial management system of amoebas. A qualitative insight into the European experiences. Ekonomia i Zarządzanie, 8, 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1515/emj-2016-0001
Vernon, W. (2009). The Delphi technique: A review. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 16(2), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2009.16.2.38892
Webber, R. A. (1996). Zasady zarządzania innowacjami. PWE.
World Health Organization. (2017). http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html
Zorska, A. (2007). Korporacje transnarodowe. Przemiany, oddziaływania, wyzwania [Trasnational Corporations. Change, Impact, Challenges]. PWN.